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Fool's Mushroom
''Amanita verna'', commonly known as the fool's mushroom, destroying angel, mushroom fool or the spring destroying angel amanita, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Occurring in Europe in spring, ''A. verna'' associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour. Taxonomy ''Amanita verna'' was first mentioned in the scientific literature by French mycologist Jean Bulliard in 1780 as form ''vernus'' of ''Agaricus bulbosus''. Bulliard warned that it could be easily confused with the edible field mushroom (''Agaricus campestris''), and that remedies for those who had eaten it included putting vitriolic ether in wine or crushed garlic in milk. The species name ''verna'' is derived from the Latin word for "spring". Three years later, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck gave it distinct species status in his ''Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique''. The fool's mushroom (''Amanita verna''), also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard
Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard (also Pierre Bulliard; 24 November 1752, in Aubepierre-sur-Aube Haute-Marne – 26 September 1793, in Paris) was a French physician and botanist. Bulliard studied in Langres, where he became interested in natural history, and afterwards a position was obtained for him in the abbey in Ville-sous-la-Ferté, Clairvaux and later he moved to Paris where he study medicine. There he also practiced as a physician. He tutored the son of General :fr:Claude Dupin, Claude Dupin (1686-1769). He was an able draughtsman and also learnt to engrave. He invented a way of printing natural history plates in colour and used the method in his own publications. In 1779 he commenced a work on the poisonous plants of France. It was seized by the police on the grounds that it was a dangerous work. Bulliard's ''Dictionnaire Elémentaire de Botanique'' (1783) contributed to the spreading and consolidation of botanical terminology and the Linnaean taxonomy, Linné ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Phalloides
''Amanita phalloides'' (), commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Widely distributed across Europe, but now sprouting in other parts of the world, ''A. phalloides'' forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, the death cap has been introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in colour with a white stipe and gills. The cap colour is variable, including white forms, and is thus not a reliable identifier. These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species (most notably Caesar's mushroom and the straw mushroom) commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Amatoxins, the class of toxins found in these mushrooms, are thermostable: they resist changes due to heat, so their toxic effects are not red ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom Poisoning
Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Its symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus. Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general morphology of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. Signs and symptoms Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Deadly Fungi
Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstool A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is th ...s", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans. This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful. For a less-detailed list of fungi that include non-deadly poisonous species, see List of poisonous fungi. Fungi with significant risk of death if consumed Fungi where isolated deaths have been reported See also * List of poisonous fungus species * Mycotoxicology Footnotes {{Reflist, refs= {{Cite journal , last1 = Zhou , first1 = Z. Y. , last2 = Shi , first2 = G. Q. , last3 = Fontaine , first3 = R. , last4 = Wei , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Amanita Species
The following is a list of some notable species of the agaric genus ''Amanita''. This genus contains over 500 named species and varieties, but the list is far from exhaustive. The list follows the classification of subgenera and sections of ''Amanita'' outline by Corner and Bas; Bas, as used by Tulloss (2007) and modified by Redhead & al. (2016) for ''Amanita'' subgenus ''Amanitina'' and Singer for ''Amanita'' section ''Roanokenses''. Bolding of the species name and an asterisk (*) following indicates the species is the type species of that section, with a double asterisk (**) indicating the type species of the entire genus. The use of common names follows Tulloss (2007), Holden (2003), Arora (1986), and Lincoff (1981). Subgenus ''Amanita'' Section ''Amanita'' * ''Amanita albocreata'' – (North America) * ''Amanita aliena'' – (south Brazil) * ''Amanita altipes'' – (southwestern China) * ''Amanita aprica'' – (North America) * ''Amanita armeniaca'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanitin , another amatoxin
{{Chemistry index ...
Amanitin may refer to several related amatoxins: * α-Amanitin * β-Amanitin * γ-Amanitin * ε-Amanitin See also * Amatoxin, a class of toxic compounds that include the amanitins * Amanin Amanin is a cyclic peptide. It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus ''Amanita''. Toxicology Like other amatoxins, amanin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Wisconsin
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the designation is reserved for colleges that have a graduate school. The word ''university'' is derived from the Latin ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". The first universities were created in Europe by Catholic Church monks. The University of Bologna (''Università di Bologna''), founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *Being a high degree-awarding institute. *Having independence from the ecclesiastic schools, although conducted by both clergy and non-clergy. *Using the word ''universitas'' (which was coined at its foundation). *Issuing secular and non-secular degrees: grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law, notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phallotoxins
The phallotoxins consist of at least seven compounds, all of which are bicyclic heptapeptides (seven amino acids), isolated from the death cap mushroom ''(Amanita phalloides)''. They differ from the closely related amatoxins by being one residue smaller, both in the final product and the precursor protein. Phalloidin had been isolated in 1937 by Feodor Lynen, Heinrich Wieland's student and son-in-law, and Ulrich Wieland of the University of Munich. The remaining six are prophalloin, phalloin, phallisin, phallacidin, phallacin and phallisacin. Though highly toxic to liver cells, phallotoxins have since been found to have little contribution to the death cap's toxicity because they are not absorbed through the gut. Reports of phalloidin in the edible (and sought after) Blusher The blusher is the common name for several closely related species of the genus ''Amanita''. ''A. rubescens'' or the blushing amanita, is found in Europe and eastern North America, and ''A. novinupta'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Plate, North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about , about 16.5% of Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. In Americas (terminology)#Human ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Virosa
''Amanita virosa'', commonly known in Europe as the destroying angel or the European destroying angel amanita, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Occurring in Europe, ''A. virosa'' mycorrhiza, associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The large fruiting bodies (''i.e.'', the mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the Pileus (mycology), caps, stipe (mycology), stipes and Lamella (mycology), gills are all white in colour. Immature specimens of ''A. virosa'' resemble several edible species commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Small specimens may resemble the common Portobello mushroom to non-experts, but just one cap of ''A. virosa'' is enough to kill an adult human. The symptoms of poisoning generally come several hours afterwards, a fact which makes this fungus even more problematic. Along with its geographical namesakes, ''A. virosa'' is one of the most poisonous of all known mush ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Phalloides Var
The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''Amanita zambiana'' and other fleshy species in central Africa, '' A. basii'' and similar species in Mexico, '' A. caesarea'' and the "Blusher" ''Amanita rubescens'' in Europe, and '' A. chepangiana'' in South-East Asia. Other species are used for colouring sauces, such as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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