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Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase
Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase, or more commonly known as yeast fatty acid synthase (and not to be confused with Long Chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase), is an enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis, and is of Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis (FAS). Yeast fatty acid synthase plays a pivotal role in fatty acid synthesis. It is a 2.6 MDa barrel shaped complex and is composed of two, unique multi-functional subunits: alpha and beta. Together, the alpha and beta units are arranged in an α6β6 structure. The catalytic activities of this enzyme complex involves a coordination system of enzymatic reactions between the alpha and beta subunits. The enzyme complex therefore consists of six functional centers for fatty acid synthesis. Reaction The enzyme catalyzes the reaction: Acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 4n NADPH + 4n H+ \rightleftharpoons long-chain-acyl-CoA + n CoA + n CO2 + 4n NADP+ The 4 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH, and H+, whereas its 4 produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA Ligase
The long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase (or synthetase) is an enzyme () of the ligase family that activates the oxidation of complex fatty acids. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-CoA by a two-step process proceeding through an adenylation, adenylated intermediate. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction, :Fatty acid + coenzyme A, CoA + adenosine triphosphate, ATP ⇌ Acyl-CoA + adenosine monophosphate, AMP + pyrophosphate, PPi It is present in all organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the pre-step reaction for β-oxidation of fatty acids or can be incorporated in phospholipids. Function Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, LC-FACS, plays a role in the physiological regulation of various cellular functions via the production of long chain fatty acyl-CoA esters, which reportedly have affected protein transport, enzyme activation, protein acylation, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. The formation of fatty acyl-Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holo-(acyl-carrier-protein) Synthase
In enzymology and molecular biology, a holo- cyl-carrier-proteinsynthase (ACPS, ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: :CoA- '-phosphopantetheine+ apo-acyl carrier protein \rightleftharpoons adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + holo-acyl carrier protein This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring non-standard substituted phosphate groups. It is also known as 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase after the group it transfers. Function All ACPS enzymes known so far are evolutionally related to each other in a single superfamily of proteins. It transfers a 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) moiety from coenzyme A (CoA) to an invariant serine in an acyl carrier protein (ACP), a small protein responsible for acyl group activation in fatty acid biosynthesis. This post-translational modification renders holo-ACP capable of acyl group activation via thioesterification of the cysteamine thiol of 4'-PP. This superfamily consists of two subtypes: th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumor
A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed. This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, when it may be called a tumor. ICD-10 classifies neoplasms into four main groups: benign neoplasms, in situ neoplasms, malignant neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers and are the focus of oncology. Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well. The word is from Ancient Greek 'new' and 'formation, creation'. Types A neoplasm can be benign, potentially m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants. In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as ''Helicobacter pylori'', hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acyl Carrier Protein
The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a cofactor of both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis machinery. It is one of the most abundant proteins in cells of ''E. coli.'' In both cases, the growing chain is bound to the ACP via a thioester derived from the distal thiol of a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety. Structure The ACPs are small negatively charged α-helical bundle proteins with a high degree of structural and amino acid similarity. The structures of a number of acyl carrier proteins have been solved using various NMR and crystallography techniques. The ACPs are related in structure and mechanism to the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) from nonribosomal peptide synthases. Biosynthesis Subsequent to the expression of the inactive ''apo'' ACP, the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety is attached to a serine residue. This coupling is mediated by acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS), a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase. 4'-Phosphopantetheine is a prosthetic group of several acyl carrier pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-Hydroxyacyl ACP Dehydrase
3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydratase is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is conve .... Image:3-Hydroxyacyl_ACP_dehydrase_reaction.svg External links * References {{lyase-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source'). It is used by all forms of cellular life. NADPH is the reduced form of NADP. NADP differs from NAD by the presence of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety. This extra phosphate is added by NAD+ kinase and removed by NADP+ phosphatase. Biosynthesis NADP In general, NADP+ is synthesized before NADPH is. Such a reaction usually starts with NAD+ from either the de-novo or the salvage pathway, with NAD+ kinase adding the extra phosphate group. ADP-ribosyl cyclase allows for synthesis from nicotinamide in the salvage pathway, and NADP+ phosphatase can convert NADPH back to NADH to maintain a balance. Some forms of the NAD+ kinas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase
In enzymology, a cyl-carrier-proteinS-malonyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :malonyl-CoA + acyl carrier protein CoA + malonyl- cyl-carrier-protein Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are malonyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis. Nomenclature The systematic name of this enzyme class is malonyl-CoA: cyl-carrier-proteinS-malonyltransferase. Other names in common use include malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylase, * cyl carrier proteinalonyltransferase, * FabD, * malonyl transacylase, * malonyl transferase, * malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, * malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, * malonyl-CoA:AcpM transacylase, * malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetate
An acetate is a salt (chemistry), salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. Alkali metal, alkaline, Alkaline earth metal, earthy, Transition metal, metallic, nonmetallic or radical Radical (chemistry), base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate acid, conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula . The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a ''positive'' ion (called a cation) are also commonly called "acetates" (hence, ''acetate of lead'', ''acetate of aluminum'', etc.). The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid) with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic ion, polyatomic anion , or . Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enoyl-acyl Carrier Protein Reductase
Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (or ENR) (), is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system. ENR is an attractive target for narrow-spectrum antibacterial drug discovery because of its essential role in metabolism and its sequence conservation across many bacterial species. In addition, the bacterial ENR sequence and structural organization are distinctly different from those of mammalian fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes. : At lower concentrations, Triclosan and Triclocarban provide a bacteriostatic effect by binding to ENR. Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme in the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. See also * Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, A-specific) * Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, B-specific) * Cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) In enzymology, a cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :acyl-CoA + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a cyl-carrier-proteinS-acetyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction :acetyl-CoA + cyl-carrier-protein\rightleftharpoons CoA + acetyl- cyl-carrier-protein Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and acetyl-acyl-carrier-protein. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA: cyl-carrier-proteinS-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl coenzyme A-acyl-carrier-protein transacylase, Acetyl CoA:ACP transacylase, cyl-carrier-proteincetyltransferase, CPcetyltransferase, and ACAT. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis. Structural studies As of late 2007, only one structure A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
