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Effective Number Of Parties
The effective number of parties is a concept introduced by Laakso and Taagepera (1979) which provides for an adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system. The idea behind this measure is to count parties and, at the same time, to weight the count by their relative strength. The relative strength refers to their vote share ''effective number of electoral parties'' (ENEP) or seat share in the parliament ''effective number of parliamentary parties'' (ENPP). This measure is especially useful when comparing party systems across countries, as is done in the field of political science. The number of parties equals the effective number of parties only when all parties have equal strength. In any other case, the effective number of parties is lower than the actual number of parties. The effective number of parties is a frequent operationalization for the political fragmentation. There are two major alternatives to the effective number of parties-measure. John K. Wild ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Parties
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or policy goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. It is extremely rare for a country to have no political parties. Some countries have only one political party while others have several. Parties are important in the politics of autocracies as well as democracies, though usually democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that governs the country, and some political scientists consider competition between two or more parties to be an essential part of democracy. Parties can develop from existing divisions in society, like the divisions between low ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2018 Antiguan General Election
General elections were held in Antigua and Barbuda on 21 March 2018 to elect members to House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda), House of Representatives of the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda, 15th Antigua and Barbuda Parliament. Each of the 17 constituencies elected one Member of Parliament (MP). The governing Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party led by Gaston Browne was returned to power, winning 15 of the 17 seats, increasing their majority by one seat. The United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda), United Progressive Party, the official opposition, led by Harold Lovell, was reduced to a single seat and Lovell failed to be elected. Electoral system The 17 elected members of the House of Representatives were elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting; 16 of the seats were allocated for the island of Antigua and one for the island of Barbuda. Barbudan electors were required to travel to Antigua to vote as a result of the aftermath of hurri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2019 Botswana General Election
General elections were held in Botswana on 23 October 2019 to elect MPs and local government councillors. Despite a high profile split in the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) in May 2019 when former President Ian Khama left the party and switched his support to the new Botswana Patriotic Front, the BDP's vote share increased to almost 53% as the party won 38 of the 57 elected seats in the National Assembly, a gain of one compared to the 2014 elections. The elections were the twelfth straight victory for the BDP. Background Following the 2014 elections, there were two opposing factions in parliament: the Umbrella for Democratic Change (an alliance of the Botswana National Front, the Botswana Movement for Democracy and the Botswana People's Party), and the Botswana Congress Party (BCP). In February 2017, the Botswana Congress Party (BCP) also joined the Umbrella for Democratic Change, uniting all parliamentary opposition parties. However, in October 2017, the Alliance for Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2018 Bosnian General Election
General elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 7 October 2018. They decided the makeup of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Presidency as well as national, entity, and cantonal governments. Voter turnout was 54%. The elections for the House of Representatives were divided into two; one for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one for Republika Srpska. In the presidential election, voters in the Federation elected Bosniak Šefik Džaferović and Croat Željko Komšić, while voters in Republika Srpska elected Serb Milorad Dodik. The Party of Democratic Action emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 9 of the 42 seats. Electoral system The three members of the Presidency are elected by plurality. In Republika Srpska voters elect the Serb representative, whilst in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina voters elect the Bosniak and Croat members. Voters registered in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina can vote for either the Bosniak or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020 Bolivian General Election
General elections were held in Bolivia on 18 October 2020 for President, Vice-President, and all seats in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Luis Arce of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party was elected president in a landslide, winning 55% of the vote and securing majorities in both chambers of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly. The results of the election superseded the disputed results of the October 2019 elections, which were annulled during a prolonged political crisis. Although the winning party received a higher proportion of the vote in 2020 than in the previous annulled elections, for the first time since 2009 the winning party did not have a two-thirds majority in the Legislative Assembly, meaning that some functions would require cross-party support. For the first time, the Senate will contain a majority of female senators. Electoral authorities had initially scheduled the elections for 3 May 2020. They were postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2018 Bhutanese National Assembly Election
National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan in 2018; the first round was held on 15 September and the second round on 18 October. The ruling People's Democratic Party of former Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay came third in the first round of voting, unexpectedly failing to advance to the second round and resulting in it losing all 32 seats. The second round was a contest between the Druk Phuensum Tshogpa, the only other party with parliamentary representation, and the unrepresented Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa, which received the most votes in the first round. Electoral system The 47 members of the National Assembly are elected from single-member constituencies. Primary elections are held in which voters cast votes for parties. The top two parties are then able to field candidates in the main round of voting, in which members are elected using first-past-the-post voting. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020 Bermudian General Election
General elections were held in Bermuda on 1 October 2020 to elect all 36 members of the House of Assembly. On 21 August 2020 Premier Edward David Burt announced that Governor of Bermuda John Rankin has accepted his advice to call a snap election. The election resulted in the largest victory for one party since party politics began in Bermuda in 1968, as the Progressive Labour Party won 62% of the vote and 30 of 36 seats (including 3 seats where they ran unopposed). Electoral system The 36 members of the House of Assembly are elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting. Contesting parties Incumbent MPs not seeking re-election Candidates by Parish The announced candidates are presented below, along with the incumbent candidates before the election. MPs who are not standing for re-election are marked (†). Government ministers and speakers are in bold, and party leaders are in italics. St. George's Parish and St. David's Island Hamilton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020 Belizean General Election
General elections were held in Belize on 11 November 2020 to elect the 31 members of the House of Representatives. Nomination day was 21 October. The People's United Party achieved its first national election victory since 2003, winning 26 seats, while the incumbent United Democratic Party had its worst result since 1998, winning the remaining 5 seats. Despite the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and a recent tropical storm, election turnout was over 81%, the highest since 1998. The election also featured the first female party leader and Prime Ministerial candidate in Belizean general election history: Nancy Marin, leader of the Belize People's Front. Several high-profile MP's also chose not to contest the elections. The previous prime minister, Dean Barrow (UDP), was constitutionally required to step down after serving three terms in office; having been an MP since 1984, he also decided to retire from the House. His predecessor as prime minister, Said Musa (PUP), al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2019 Belgian Federal Election
Federal elections were held in Belgium on 26 May 2019, alongside the country's 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium, European and 2019 Belgian regional elections, regional elections. All 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium), Chamber of Representatives were elected from eleven multi-member constituencies. The far-right Vlaams Belang (VB) saw a resurgence in Flanders, and with the New Flemish Alliance (NVA), parties subscribing to Flemish separatism and Flemish nationalism, nationalism obtained nearly 50% of the vote in Flanders. The Swedish coalition of N-VA, CD&V, MR and Open VLD lost more than a quarter of its seats, the worst government punishment in 20 years. In addition, gains for the far-left Workers' Party of Belgium (PVDA-PTB), and the green Ecolo party in Wallonia occurred. Overall, Political parties in Belgium, traditional parties suffered losses in both regions. Background Following the 2014 Belgian federal election, 2014 elections, a centr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2018 Barbadian General Election
General elections were held in Barbados on 24 May 2018. The result was a landslide victory for the opposition Barbados Labour Party (BLP), which won all 30 seats in the House of Assembly,Barbados elects Mia Mottley as first woman PM BBC News, 25 May 2018 resulting in BLP leader becoming the country's first female . The BLP's victory was the first time a party had won every seat in the House of Assembly. Previously, the most one-sided result for a Barbadian election had been in |
2017 Bahamian General Election
General elections were held in the Bahamas on 10 May 2017. The elected members of the House of Assembly then elected the Prime Minister. The result was a victory for the opposition Free National Movement led by Hubert Minnis, which defeated the ruling Progressive Liberal Party led by Prime Minister Perry Christie. Background The Free National Movement (FNM) defeated the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) in the 2007 general elections amid a scandal involving the residency status of model and reality television star Anna Nicole Smith and allegations that the PLP's immigration minister had fast-tracked her application to live in the islands. The composition of the House of Assembly changed during the 2012–17 term. Former Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham resigned as the leader of the FNM following the party's loss in the 2012 polls and also resigned his parliamentary seat, forcing a by-election in the North Abaco constituency. This resulted in the PLP winning the seat and increasing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2019 Austrian Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in Austria on 29 September 2019 to elect the 27th National Council, the lower house of Austria's bicameral parliament. The snap election was called in the wake of the Ibiza affair in May, which caused the resignation of Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache and the collapse of the governing coalition of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). The government subsequently lost a motion of no confidence in parliament, and ÖVP Chancellor Sebastian Kurz was replaced by non-partisan Brigitte Bierlein on an interim basis. The conservative ÖVP achieved its best result since 2002, improving its vote share six percentage points. The centre-left Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) won just 21.2%, its worst result in over a century. The FPÖ suffered a substantial loss of almost ten points. The Greens re-entered the National Council after falling out in 2017, and achieved their best ever result with 13.9% and 26 seats. NEOS im ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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