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Extravasation
__NOTOC__ Extravasation is the leakage of a fluid out of its container into the surrounding area, especially blood or blood cells from vessels. In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (leukocyte extravasation, also known as ''diapedesis''). In the case of malignant cancer metastasis it refers to cancer cells exiting the capillaries and entering organs (to form secondary tumors). It is frequently used in medical contexts, either referring to urine, or to blood. More specifically, it can refer to: * Extravasation (intravenous) * Extravasation of infusates * Extravasation of irrigation fluid * Extravasation of urine * Leukocyte extravasation * Angiopellosis (non-leukocyte cell extravastion) Extravasation of irrigation fluid Extravasation of irrigation fluid is the unintended migration of irrigation fluid (e.g. saline) introduced into a human body. This may occur in a number of types of endoscop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extravasation (intravenous)
Extravasation is the leakage of intravenously (IV) infused, and potentially damaging, medications into the extravascular tissue around the site of infusion. The leakage can occur through brittle veins in the elderly, through previous venipuncture access, or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned venous access devices. When the leakage is not of harmful consequence it is known as infiltration. Extravasation of medication during intravenous therapy is an adverse event related to therapy that, depending on the medication, amount of exposure, and location, can potentially cause serious injury and permanent harm, such as tissue necrosis. Milder consequences of extravasation include irritation, characterized by symptoms of pain and inflammation, with the clinical signs of warmth, erythema, or tenderness. Medications Complications related to extravasation are possible with any medication. Since vesicants are blistering agents, extravasation may lead to irreversible tissue injury. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leukocyte Extravasation
Leukocyte extravasation (also commonly known as leukocyte adhesion cascade or diapedesis – the passage of cells through the intact vessel wall) is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages. Overview Leukocyte extravasation occurs mainly in post-capillary venules, where haemodynamic shear forces are minimised. This process can be understood in several steps: # Chemoattraction # Rolling adhesion # Tight adhesion # (Endothelial) Transmigration It has been demonstrated that leukocyte recruitment is halted whenever any of these steps is suppressed. White blood cells (leukocytes) perform most of their functions in tissues. Functions include phagocytosis of foreign particles, production of anti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leukocyte Extravasation
Leukocyte extravasation (also commonly known as leukocyte adhesion cascade or diapedesis – the passage of cells through the intact vessel wall) is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages. Overview Leukocyte extravasation occurs mainly in post-capillary venules, where haemodynamic shear forces are minimised. This process can be understood in several steps: # Chemoattraction # Rolling adhesion # Tight adhesion # (Endothelial) Transmigration It has been demonstrated that leukocyte recruitment is halted whenever any of these steps is suppressed. White blood cells (leukocytes) perform most of their functions in tissues. Functions include phagocytosis of foreign particles, production of anti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extravasation Of Irrigation Fluid
__NOTOC__ Extravasation is the leakage of a fluid out of its container into the surrounding area, especially blood or blood cells from vessels. In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (leukocyte extravasation, also known as ''diapedesis''). In the case of malignant cancer metastasis it refers to cancer cells exiting the capillaries and entering organs (to form secondary tumors). It is frequently used in medical contexts, either referring to urine, or to blood. More specifically, it can refer to: * Extravasation (intravenous) * Extravasation of infusates * Extravasation of irrigation fluid * Extravasation of urine * Leukocyte extravasation * Angiopellosis (non-leukocyte cell extravastion) Extravasation of irrigation fluid Extravasation of irrigation fluid is the unintended migration of irrigation fluid (e.g. saline) introduced into a human body. This may occur in a number of types of endos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extravasation Of Infusates
__NOTOC__ Extravasation is the leakage of a fluid out of its container into the surrounding area, especially blood or blood cells from vessels. In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (leukocyte extravasation, also known as ''diapedesis''). In the case of malignant cancer metastasis it refers to cancer cells exiting the capillaries and entering organs (to form secondary tumors). It is frequently used in medical contexts, either referring to urine, or to blood. More specifically, it can refer to: * Extravasation (intravenous) * Extravasation of infusates * Extravasation of irrigation fluid * Extravasation of urine * Leukocyte extravasation * Angiopellosis (non-leukocyte cell extravastion) Extravasation of irrigation fluid Extravasation of irrigation fluid is the unintended migration of irrigation fluid (e.g. saline) introduced into a human body. This may occur in a number of types of endosc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angiopellosis
Angiopellosis (cell extravasation) is the movement of cells out of the circulatory system into the surrounding tissue. This process is specific to non-leukocytic cells, as leukocytes (white blood cells) utilize diapedesis for movement out of circulation. Angiopellosis was discovered by studying how stem cells reach damaged tissue when injected or infused into the blood stream. Recently, it was found that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) also possess the ability to exit blood vessels through angiopellosis during the metastasis process Angiopellosis involves recognition of cells by the blood vessel wall (endothelial cells), and then the active remolding of the blood vessel to allow the cell to exit. Mechanism Angiopellosis extravasation occurs as a means for cells that are not native to the circulation to exit. This includes adult stem cells that are injected intravenously for therapies. Cells that are normally found in circulation (i.e. blood cells) either extravasate through diapede ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inflammation
Inflammation (from la, wikt:en:inflammatio#Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or Irritation, irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and Functio laesa, loss of function (Latin ''calor'', ''dolor'', ''rubor'', ''tumor'', and ''functio laesa''). Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immune system, innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immune system, adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants. In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as ''Helicobacter pylori'', hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intravasation
Intravasation is the invasion of cancer cells through the basement membrane into a blood or lymphatic vessel. Intravasation is one of several carcinogenic events that initiate the escape of cancerous cells from their primary sites. Other mechanisms include invasion through basement membranes, extravasation, and colonization of distant metastatic sites. Cancer cell chemotaxis also relies on this migratory behavior to arrive at a secondary destination designated for cancer cell colonization. Contributing factors One of the genes that contributes to intravasation codes for urokinase (uPA), a serine protease that is able to proteolytically degrade various extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the basement membrane around primary tumors. uPA also activates multiple growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that further contribute to ECM degradation, thus enabling tumor cell invasion and intravasation. A newly identified metastasis suppressor, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic or keyhole surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. Arthroscopic procedures can be performed during ACL reconstruction. The advantage over traditional open surgery is that the joint does not have to be opened up fully. For knee arthroscopy only two small incisions are made, one for the arthroscope and one for the surgical instruments to be used in the knee cavity. This reduces recovery time and may increase the rate of success due to less trauma to the connective tissue. It has gained popularity due to evidence of faster recovery times with less scarring, because of the smaller incisions. Irrigation fluid (most commonly 'normal' saline) is used to distend the joint and make a surgical space. The surgical instruments are smaller than traditional instruments. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, then, are metastases (mets). It is generally distinguished from cancer invasion, which is the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Cancer occurs after cells are genetically altered to proliferate rapidly and indefinitely. This uncontrolled proliferation by mitosis produces a primary heterogeneic tumour. The cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo metaplasia, followed by dysplasia then anaplasia, resulting in a malignant phenotype. This malignancy allows for invasion into the circulation, followed by invasion to a second site for tumorigenesis. Some cancer cells known as circulating tumor cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic or blood vessels, after which they are abl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extravasation Of Urine
Extravasation of urine refers to the condition where an interruption of the urethra leads to a collection of urine in other cavities, such as the scrotum or the penis in males. It can be associated with a calculus. Mechanism An injury to the urethra leaving Buck's fascia intact results in a collection of urine (extravasation) limited to the penis, deep to Buck's fascia. However, if the injury to the bulb of the penis results in urethral injury accompanying a tear of the Buck's fascia, then extravasated blood and urine would accumulate in the superficial perineal space, passing into the penis (outer to Buck's fascia) as well as the scrotum and lower anterior abdominal wall. Extravasation of urine involving a compromised Buck's fascia can be appreciated clinically by blood collecting in the superficial pouch, resulting in a 'butterfly'-shaped region around the penis. Urinoma Long term complications of renal trauma, ureteral obstruction, or kidney transplant Kidney transplant or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
