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Ensenhamenz
An ''ensenhamen'' (; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ''ensenhamen'' has many variations in old Occitan: ', ', ', and '. The ''ensenhamen'' had its own subgenres, such as "conduct literature" that told noblewomen the proper way to comport themselves and "mirror of princes" literature that told the nobleman how to be chivalrous. Besides these were types defining and encouraging courtly love and courtly behaviour, from topics as mundane as table manners to issues of sexual ethics. The earliest attestable ''ensenhamen'' was written around 1155 by Garin lo Brun. It is the ' ("Instruction of the girl"). Around 1170 Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan wrote the ' ("Instruction of the knight") for a warrior audience. A decade or so later Arnaut de Mareuil wrote a long, classically-in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Literature
Occitan literature (referred to in older texts as Provençal literature) is a body of texts written in Occitan, mostly in the south of France. It was the first literature in a Romance language and inspired the rise of vernacular literature throughout medieval Europe. Occitan literature's Golden Age was in the 12th century, when a rich and complex body of lyrical poetry was produced by troubadours writing in Old Occitan, which still survives to this day. Although Catalan is considered by some a variety of Occitan, this article will not deal with Catalan literature, which started diverging from its Southern French counterpart in the late 13th century. Introduction Occitan literature started in the 11th century in several centres. It gradually spread from there, first over the greater portion (though not the whole) of southern France, into what is now the north of Italy and into Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, Castile), and Portugal. In its rise Occitan literature stands completely by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ensenhamen
An ''ensenhamen'' (; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ''ensenhamen'' has many variations in old Occitan: ', ', ', and '. The ''ensenhamen'' had its own subgenres, such as "conduct literature" that told noblewomen the proper way to comport themselves and " mirror of princes" literature that told the nobleman how to be chivalrous. Besides these were types defining and encouraging courtly love and courtly behaviour, from topics as mundane as table manners to issues of sexual ethics. The earliest attestable ''ensenhamen'' was written around 1155 by Garin lo Brun. It is the ' ("Instruction of the girl"). Around 1170 Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan wrote the ' ("Instruction of the knight") for a warrior audience. A decade or so later Arnaut de Mareuil wrote a long, classically-info ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan People
Catalans (Catalan, French and Occitan: ''catalans''; es, catalanes, Italian: ''catalani'', sc, cadelanos) are a Romance ethnic group native to Catalonia, who speak Catalan. The current official category of "Catalans" is that of the citizens of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain and the inhabitants of the Roussillon historical region in southern France, today the Pyrénées Orientales department, also called Northern Catalonia and ''Pays Catalan'' in French. Some authors also extend the word "Catalans" to include all people from areas in which Catalan is spoken, namely those from Andorra, Valencia, the Balearic islands, eastern Aragon, Roussillon, and the city of Alghero in Sardinia. The Catalan government regularly surveys its population regarding its "sentiment of belonging". As of July 2019, the results point out that 46.7% of the Catalans and other people living in Catalonia would like independence from Spain, 1.3% less than the year before. Historical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guiraut De Cabreira
Guerau III de Cabrera (died 1160/61), also called Guiraut (or Giraut) de Cabreira, was a Catalan nobleman and Occitan troubadour. He was the viscount of Àger and Cabrera from 1145. He was the son of Ponç II de Cabrera and Sancha. Guerau is today most famous for his ''ensenhamen'', a long didactic poem written for his jongleur, Cabra. Cabra's name, which means goat and is related to the name of his master's viscounty (Cabrera), probably indicates that he was Guerau's herald, since heralds often took the names of the arms of their lords. Guerau's arms bore a goat. The ''ensenhamen'' is divided into 216 lines. The rhyme scheme is of two four-syllable rhyming lines followed by an octosyllabic line ending in ''-on'', repeated. The entire poem is basically a disorderly and wordy catalogue the things (names, songs, and stories) which Cabra ought to know in his capacity as public entertainer, but which in fact he does not know. The eruditeness of the work is impressive, giving evidenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bertran De Paris
Bertran de Paris de Roergue (''fl. ''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ... post'' 1260) was a troubadour who composed the '' enseignamen'' "Gordo, ie.us fatz un sol sirventes l'an". The Hungarian scholar István Frank hypothesised that Bertran hailed from Parisot and re-classified his work as a '' sirventes''. He has been identified with Bertran IV de Paris. ReferencesBibliografia Elettronica dei Trovatori, v. 2.0 Retrieved 4 October 2011. {{authority control 13th-century French troubadours People from Tarn-et-Garonne Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guiraut De Calanso
Giraut or Guiraut de Calanso or Calanson ( fl. 1202–1212)Gaunt and Kay, 286. was a Gascon troubadour in the Occitan language. Of his lyric works that remain five are ''cansos'', two ''descorts'', a '' congé'', a ''planh'', and a ''vers'' (generic poem). He also wrote a mock ''ensenhamen'' (didactic poem) entitled ''Fadet juglar''. Guiraut's hometown cannot be located. It may be a Calanso in Gascony or one of two locales named Chalançon, one in Ardèche and one in Drôme.Egan, 41. According to his ''vida'' he was originally a jongleur well-versed in letters. His ''vida'' indicates that he composed "skillful songs ''desplazens'' and ''descortz''." The meaning of ''desplazens'' is under dispute: it could refer to a type of verse expressing displeasure or be an adjective ("displeasing in tone") modifying "songs" (''cansos''). The author of the ''vida'' notes that these works were of the type ''d'aquella saison'', "of that time", and were disliked in Provence, where he was di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jongleur
A minstrel was an entertainer, initially in medieval Europe. It originally described any type of entertainer such as a musician, juggler, acrobat, singer or fool; later, from the sixteenth century, it came to mean a specialist entertainer who sang songs and played musical instruments. Description Minstrels performed songs which told stories of distant places or of existing or imaginary historical events. Although minstrels created their own tales, often they would memorize and embellish the works of others. Frequently they were retained by royalty and high society. As the courts became more sophisticated, minstrels were eventually replaced at court by the troubadours, and many became wandering minstrels, performing in the streets; a decline in their popularity began in the late 15th century. Minstrels fed into later traditions of travelling entertainers, which continued to be moderately strong into the early 20th century, and which has some continuity in the form of today's bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimon Vidal
Raimon Vidal de Bezaudu(n) (Catalan: ''Ramon Vidal de Besalú'') (flourished early 13th century) was a Catalan troubadour from Besalù. He is notable for authoring the first tract in a Romance language (Occitan) on the subject of grammar and poetry, the ''Razós de trobar'' (c. 1210),The similar ''Donatz proensals'' of Uc Faidit was also produced around this time. a title which translates as "Reasons (or Guidelines) of troubadour composition". He began his career as a joglar and he spent his formative years at the court of Hug de Mataplana, which he often recalls fondly in his poems and songs. In the ''Razós'', Raimon distinguishes the "parladura francesa" (French) from the "cella de Lemosin" (Occitan). He also discusses the art of the listener (''li auzidor'') and his responsibility to understand the troubadour works. Raimon's insistence that the audience understand what is sung and that they keep silent during its singing has been regarded as seminal in the history of classica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
At De Mons
N'At de Mons was a troubadour of the latter half of the thirteenth century. He was from Mons, near Toulouse. Kings James I of Aragon (1213–76)According to some authors, it was actually James' son Peter III (1276–87). At addresses him as "noble rei aragones" (noble Aragonese king) and "bo seignor d'Arago" (good lord of Aragon) in his letters, but does not name him. and Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) acted as his patrons and he addressed "La valors es grans e l'onors", a '' sirventes'' on the rights of kings, to James. At is also credited as the author of a ''cobla esparsa'' (single stanza), "Reys rix romieus mas man milhors". At's longest surviving work is "Sitot non es enquistz", an ''ensenhamen An ''ensenhamen'' (; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th ...'' comprising five letters, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peire Lunel
Peire Lunel de Montech ( fl. 1326–1384), also known as Cavalier Lunel or Peire de Lunel, was a lawyer, politician and author of Toulouse. His name indicates he was a knight (''cavalier'' in Occitan) from Montech.Also spelled Monteg. Occitan "ch" and final "g" are pronounced identically, similar to "tch" in English "catch". In his youth he was a troubadour. A ''canso'', a Crusading song, a ''sirventes'', an ''ensenhamen'' and some moralising ''coblas esparsas'' survive of his work. The Crusading song is dated to around 1326. It is a critique of King Charles IV for promising a Crusade and doing nothing. Lunel's ''sirventes'', was written at the height of the Black Death in 1348. In 1326 Lunel composed the ''Ensenhamen del garso'' ("instruction of the boy"), the latest surviving ''ensenhamen''. Written in ''arlabecca'' form, it is modeled on the ''Ensenhamen del escudier'' of Amanieu de Sescars. The boy (''garso'') for whom Lunel composed it was an aspiring poet looking for advi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal Virtues
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in both classical philosophy and Christian theology. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They form a virtue theory of ethics. The term ''cardinal'' comes from the Latin (hinge); virtues are so called because they are regarded as the basic virtues required for a virtuous life. These principles derive initially from Plato in ''Republic'' Book IV, 426–435. Aristotle expounded them systematically in the Nicomachean Ethics. They were also recognized by the Stoics. Cicero expanded on them, and Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Thomas Aquinas adapted them while expanding on the theological virtues. Four cardinal virtues * Prudence (, ; la, prudentia; also Wisdom, '' Sophia'', ), the ability to discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in a given situation at the appropriate time, with consideration of potential consequences. * Justice (, ; la, iustitia): also considered as fairness; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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