|
Ectoine
Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a natural compound found in several species of bacteria. It is a compatible solute which serves as a protective substance by acting as an osmolyte and thus helps organisms survive extreme osmotic stress. Ectoine is found in high concentrations in halophilic microorganisms and confers resistance towards salt and temperature stress. Ectoine was first identified in the microorganism '' Ectothiorhodospira halochloris'', but has since been found in a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Other species of bacteria in which ectoine was found include: * ''Brevibacterium linens'' * '' Halomonas elongata'' * '' Marinococcus halophilus'' * ''Pseudomonas stutzeri'' * ''Halomonas titanicae'' * ''Halorhodospira halophila'' * '' Halomonas ventosae'' Biosynthesis Ectoine is synthesized in three successive enzymatic reactions starting from aspartic β-semialdehyde. The genes involved in the biosynthesis are ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ectoine Synthase
The enzyme ectoine synthase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :(2''S'')-4-acetamido-2-aminobutanoate \rightleftharpoons L-ectoine + H2O This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2''S'')-4-acetamido-2-aminobutanoate (L-ectoine-forming). Other names in common use include ''N''-acetyldiaminobutyrate dehydratase, ''N''-acetyldiaminobutanoate dehydratase, L-ectoine synthase, EctC, and 4-''N''-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate hydro-lyase (L-ectoine-forming). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO∠.... References * * * * EC 4.2.1 Enzymes of unknown structure {{4.2-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaminobutyrate—2-oxoglutarate Transaminase
In enzymology, a diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :L-2,4-diaminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-2,4-diaminobutanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is L-2,4-diaminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate 4-aminotransferase. Other names in common use include L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-ketoglutarate 4-aminotransferase, 2,4-diaminobutyrate 4-aminotransferase, diaminobu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Ventosae
''Halomonas ventosae'' is a moderately halophilic, denitrifying, exopolysaccharide Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental comp ...-producing bacterium. Its type strain is Al12T (=CECT 5797T =DSM 15911T). References Further reading * * *Zhu, Daochen, et al. "The synthesis and role of hydroxyectoine in halophilic bacterium Halomonas ventosae DL7." African Journal of Microbiology Research5.16 (2011): 2254–2260. * * External links *LPSN [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halophile
The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga ''Dunaliella salina'' and fungus ''Wallemia ichthyophaga''. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Urmia Lake in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons. Classification Halophiles are categorized by the extent of their halotolerance: slight, moderate, or extreme. Slight halophiles prefer 0.3 to 0.8 M (1.7 to 4.8%†... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaminobutyrate Acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :acetyl-CoA + L-2,4-diaminobutanoate \rightleftharpoons CoA + N4-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-2,4-diaminobutanoate, whereas its two products are CoA and N4-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-2,4-diaminobutanoate N4-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include L-2,4-diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase, L-2,4-diaminobutanoate acetyltransferase, EctA, diaminobutyric acid ace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marinococcus Halophilus
''Marinococcus halophilus'' is a Gram-positive and halophilic bacterium from the genus of ''Marinococcus'' which has been isolated from a salted mackerel. ''Marinococcus halophilus'' produces ectoine Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a natural compound found in several species of bacteria. It is a compatible solute which serves as a protective substance by acting as an osmolyte and thus helps organisms survi .... References Further reading * * * Bacillaceae Bacteria described in 1976 {{Firmicutes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Titanicae
''Halomonas titanicae'' is a gram-negative, halophilic species of bacteria which was isolated in 2010 from rusticles recovered from the wreck of the RMS ''Titanic''. It has been estimated by Henrietta Mann, one of the researchers that first isolated it, that the action of microbes like ''Halomonas titanicae'' may bring about the total deterioration of the ''Titanic'' by 2030. While the bacteria have been identified as a potential danger to oil rigs and other man-made objects in the deep sea, they also have the potential to be used in bioremediation to accelerate the decomposition of shipwrecks littering the ocean floor. Cell morphology ''Halomonas titanicae'' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that produces peritrichous flagella. It is catalase and oxidase positive. It has been found to form biofilms and some strains are capable of oxidation of thiosulfate, which is regulated by quorum sensing. It is able to withstand high osmotic pressure due to producing molecules like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halorhodospira Halophila
''Halorhodospira halophila'' is a species of Halorhodospira distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15–20% salinity. It was formerly called ''Ectothiorhodospira halophila''. It is an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. ''H. halophila'' has a flagellum. General features ''H. halophila'' is among the most halophilic organisms known. It is an obligately photosynthetic and anaerobic purple sulfur bacterium with a spiral morphology. ''H. halophila'' exhibits autotrophic growth in saturated NaCl concentrations. ''H. halophila'' is a Gram-negative bacterium within the gamma subdivision of the phylum Proteobacteria and is known to be phototrophic (Class: Gammaproteobacteria). ''H. halophila was'' the first phototrophic, extreme halophile to have its genome sequenced. The genome consists of 2,678,452 bp, encoding 2,493 predicted genes, as determined by automated genome annotation. 2,407 proteins are predicted from that genome, and 1,905 have been a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas Stutzeri
''Pseudomonas stutzeri'' is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. ''P. stutzeri'' is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the ''P. stutzeri'' group, to which it lends its name. Taxonomy ''P. stutzeri'' is most easily differentiated from the other ''Pseudomonas spp.'' in that it does not produce fluorescent pigments''.'' ''P. mendocina, P. alcaligenes, P. pseudoalcaligenes'', and ''P. balearica'' are classified within the same branch of pseudomonads as ''P. stutzeri'' based on 16S rRNA sequences and other phylogenetic markers. Of this group, ''P. stutzeri'' is most closely related to ''P. balearica'' and they can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunscreen
Sunscreen, also known as sunblock or sun cream, is a photoprotective topical product for the skin that mainly absorbs, or to a much lesser extent reflects, some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thus helps protect against sunburn and most importantly prevent skin cancer. Sunscreens come as lotions, sprays, gels, foams (such as an expanded foam lotion or whipped lotion), sticks, powders and other topical products. Sunscreens are common supplements to clothing, particularly sunglasses, sunhats and special sun protective clothing, and other forms of photoprotection (such as umbrellas). The first sunscreen in the world was invented in Australia, by chemist H.A. Milton Blake, in 1932 formulating with the UV filter 'salol' (phenyl salicylate) at a concentration of 10%. Its protection was verified by the University of Adelaide and it was also produced commercially by Blake's company, Hamilton Laboratories. Despite sunscreen being relatively new, sun protection practices ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halomonas Elongata
''Halomonas elongata'' is considered the type species of the genus ''Halomonas''. It is a chemoorganotrophic, halophilic bacterium Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ... first isolated from a solar salt facility located in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Biology and biochemistry Morphology ''Halomonas elongata'' cells are gram-negative rods which are motile by either polar or peritrichous flagella. On a solid medium, ''H. elongata'' produce glistening, opaque white colonies that are about 2 mm in diameter. Physiology ''Halomonas elongata'' are able to reduce NO3 to NO2 and are able to grow anaerobically in the presence of NO3. Cells of ''H. elongata'' are capable of utilizing malonate, fermenting glucose, and oxidizing glycerol, sucrose, mannose and cellobiose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UV Irradiation
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultraviolet C or UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. UVGI is used in a variety of applications, such as food, surface, air, and water purification. UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface since the ozone layer of the atmosphere blocks it. UVGI devices can produce strong enough UV-C light in circulating air or water systems to make them inhospitable environments to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and other pathogens. Recent studies have proven the ability of UVC light in inactivating the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). UVGI can be coupled with a filtration system to sanitize air and water. The application of UVGI to disinfection has been an accepted practice since the mid-20th century. It has been used primarily in medical sanitation a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
