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E-memorandum
The e-memorandum ( tr, e-muhtıra) was a controversial set of statements released on the website of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces in April 2007 that weighed in on the Turkish presidential elections in 2007. The way the statements were written caused concerns that the Turkish military would intervene in the election against leading candidate Abdullah Gül in defence of secularism. Turkey's presidential office is regarded as the guardian of the country's secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wore an Islamic headscarf, as well as Gül's own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis. Statement During the crisis, on 27 April 2007, statements were published on Turkish Armed Forces official website regarding the Turkish presidential elections. One statement read: The ''e-memorandum'' term was coined by Ural Akbulut to describe the General Staff statement because it was published exclusively online. Response from the 59th Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E-memorandum
The e-memorandum ( tr, e-muhtıra) was a controversial set of statements released on the website of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces in April 2007 that weighed in on the Turkish presidential elections in 2007. The way the statements were written caused concerns that the Turkish military would intervene in the election against leading candidate Abdullah Gül in defence of secularism. Turkey's presidential office is regarded as the guardian of the country's secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wore an Islamic headscarf, as well as Gül's own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis. Statement During the crisis, on 27 April 2007, statements were published on Turkish Armed Forces official website regarding the Turkish presidential elections. One statement read: The ''e-memorandum'' term was coined by Ural Akbulut to describe the General Staff statement because it was published exclusively online. Response from the 59th Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memorandum
A memorandum ( : memoranda; abbr: memo; from the Latin ''memorandum'', "(that) which is to be remembered") is a written message that is typically used in a professional setting. Commonly abbreviated "memo," these messages are usually brief and are designed to be easily and quickly understood. Memos can thus communicate important information efficiently in order to make dynamic and effective changes. In law, a memorandum is a record of the terms of a transaction or contract, such as a policy memo, memorandum of understanding, memorandum of agreement, or memorandum of association. In business, a memo is typically used by firms for internal communication, while letters are typically for external communication. Other memorandum formats include briefing notes, reports, letters, and binders. They may be considered grey literature. Memorandum formatting may vary by office or institution. For example, if the intended recipient is a cabinet minister or a senior executive, the form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2007 Turkish Presidential Election
The 2007 Turkish presidential election refers to two attempts to elect the country's President of Turkey, 11th president, to succeed Ahmet Necdet Sezer. The most likely candidate for president was Abdullah Gül. Turkey, Turkey's presidential office is regarded as the guardian of the country's Secularism in Turkey, secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wears the Islamic headscarf, as well as his own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis. The first attempt consisted of the first rounds on 27 April and its repeat on 6 May after Turkey's constitutional court annulled the first round on 27 April. The constitutional court decided that a quorum of two-thirds was necessary, which was impossible without opposition support. Both first rounds were almost entirely boycotted by opposition MPs to disable the voting to start. Therefore, the ruling Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development Party (AKP) was unsuccessful in electing its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ural Akbulut
Ural Akbulut (born 1945) is a professor of chemistry at METU. He had been METU's president from 2002 to 2008. During his presidency, he was involved in a debate with Melih Gökçek regarding the water problem of Ankara. He coined the word e-memorandum to describe military statements published on the Turkish Armed Forces' website regarding the 2007 Turkish presidential election. Presently, he is a columnist at Milliyet ''Milliyet'' ( Turkish for "''nationality''") is a Turkish daily newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey. History and profile ''Milliyet'' came to publishing life at the Nuri Akça press in Babıali, Istanbul as a daily private newspaper on 3 ... newspaper. References 1945 births Living people Rectors of Middle East Technical University Date of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) {{Turkey-scientist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaşar Büyükanıt
General Mehmet Yaşar Büyükanıt (1 September 1940 – 21 November 2019) was the 25th Chief of the Turkish General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, from 28 August 2006 to 28 August 2008. Biography General Yaşar Büyükanıt was born in Istanbul, Turkey, on 1 September 1940. He joined the Erzincan Military High School in 1959. He graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1961 as an infantry officer. After graduating from the Infantry School in 1963, he served in different units of the Turkish Army as a platoon and commando company commander until 1970. Following his graduation from the Army Staff College in 1972, he served as the Chief of Operations at the 6th Infantry Division, as an instructor at the Army Staff College, as the chief of the Intelligence Division Basic Intelligence Branch Forces and Systems Section at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Mons, Belgium, as the section and then branch chief of the General-Admiral Branch at the Turkish General ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2000s Coups D'état And Coup Attempts
S, or s, is the nineteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ess'' (pronounced ), plural ''esses''. History Origin Northwest Semitic šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in 'ip'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth () and represented the phoneme via the acrophonic principle. Ancient Greek did not have a phoneme, so the derived Greek letter sigma () came to represent the voiceless alveolar sibilant . While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter ''samekh'', while the shape and position of ''samekh'' but name of ''šîn'' is continued in the '' xi''. Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with the Greek word (earlier ) "to hiss". The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of Turkey
The politics of Turkey take place in the framework of a constitutional republic and presidential system, with various levels and branches of power. Turkey's political system is based on a separation of powers. Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers, which is appointed and headed by the President, who serves as country's head of state and head of government. Legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Its current constitution was adopted on 7 November 1982 after a constitutional referendum. Major constitutional revisions were passed by the National Assembly on 21 January 2017 and approved by referendum on 16 April 2017. The reforms, among other measures, abolished the position of Prime Minister and designated the President as both head of state and government, effectively transforming Turkey from a parliamentary regime into a presidential one. Suffrage is universal for citizens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2007 In Turkey
Events in the year 2007 in Turkey. Incumbents *President of Turkey, President: Ahmet Necdet Sezer (until 28 August), Abdullah Gül (starting 28 August) *Prime Minister of Turkey, Prime Minister: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Deaths January * January 15 - Lale Oraloglu, actress and screenwriter (b. 1924) * January 19 - Hrant Dink, intellectual, journalist and columnist (b. 1954) * January 24 - İsmail Cem, politician, intellectual and journalist (b. 1940) February * February 20 - Zahrad, poet (b. 1924) March * March 3 - Türkan Rado, professor of law (b. 1915) * March 6 - Naci Özkaya, footballer (b. 1922) April * April 18 - Ali Dinçer, engineer and politician (b. 1945) * April 26 - Ümit Haluk Bayülken, diplomat, ambassador and politician (b. 1921) May * May 6 - Nükhet Ruacan, singer (b. 1951) * May 26 - Hasan Eren, Turkologist and Hungarologist (b. 1919) June * June 23 - Erdal Saygın, academician (b. 1931) * June 28 - Zehra Bilir, folk singer (b. 1913) Jul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nokta
''Nokta'' ("Point" in Turkish) was a leading Turkish weekly political news magazine. Founded in 1983, it was closed down by its owner in 2007 under military pressure after revealing several coup plots. Revived in 2015, it was closed again in the course of the 2016–17 Turkish purges. Contributors to ''Nokta'' included Ayşe Arman, Can Dündar and Ahmet Şık. History and profile The magazine was launched by Ercan Arıklı on 1 March 1982 as ''Nokta ve İnsanlar''. It became ''Nokta'' in 1983. The magazine had a liberal and progressive stance during the Ercan Arıklı period and In 1989 it was the highest-circulation news weekly in Turkey, ahead of ''2000'e Doğru''.Lois Whitman, Thomas Froncek. (1989)Paying the Price: Freedom of Expression in Turkey Human Rights Watch, 1989. pp. 30-32 In March 2007, ''Nokta'' ran a story, written by its Editor in Chief, Ahmet Alper Görmüş, revealing a confidential campaign of the military blacklisting some journalists and press organs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1997 Military Memorandum (Turkey)
The 1997 military memorandum ( tr, 28 Şubat, "28 February"; also called ''Post-modern darbe'', "Post-modern coup") in Turkey refers to the decisions issued by the Turkish military leadership on a National Security Council meeting on 28 February 1997. This memorandum initiated the process that precipitated the resignation of Islamist prime minister Necmettin Erbakan of the Welfare Party, and the end of his coalition government. As the government was forced out without dissolving the parliament or suspending the constitution, the event has been famously labelled a "postmodern coup" by the Turkish admiral Salim Dervişoğlu. The process after the coup is alleged to have been organised by the Batı Çalışma Grubu (Western Working Group), a purported clandestine group within the military. Preparations The operation was planned by generals İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, Çevik Bir, Teoman Koman, Çetin Doğan, Necdet Timur, and Erol Özkasnak. In 2012, Hasan Celal Güzel said th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican People's Party
The Republican People's Party ( tr, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, , acronymized as CHP ) is a Kemalist and social-democratic political party in Turkey which currently stands as the main opposition party. It is also the oldest political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president and founder of the modern Turkish Republic. The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey. The CHP describes itself as a ''modern social-democratic party, which is faithful to the founding principles and values of the Republic of Turkey". Its logo consists of the Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, reformism, laicism (Laïcité/Secularism), populism, nationalism, and statism. It is the main opposition party to the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) in the Grand National Assembly with 135 MPs. The political party has its origins in the various resistance groups founded during the Turki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (born Kemal Karabulut, 17 December 1948) is a Turkish economist, retired civil servant and social democratic politician. He is leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and has been Leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey since 2010. He served as a Member of Parliament for İstanbul's second electoral district from 2002 to 2015 and as an MP for İzmir's second electoral district as of 7 June 2015. Before entering politics, Kılıçdaroğlu was a civil servant and served as the President of the Social Insurance Institution (SSK) from 1992 to 1996 and again from 1997 to 1999. He was elected to Parliament in the 2002 general election and became the CHP's parliamentary group leader. In the 2009 local elections, he was nominated as the CHP candidate for the Mayor of İstanbul and lost to the AKP (" Justice and Development Party") with 37% of the vote, where the candidate from the AKP got 44.71% of the votes. He was elected deputy chairman of the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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