Ctenostome

	Ctenostome The Ctenostomatida are an order of bryozoans in the class Gymnolaemata. The great majority of ctenostome species are marine, although ''Paludicella'' inhabits freshwater. They are distinguished from their close relatives, the cheilostomes, by their lack of a calcified exoskeleton. Instead, the exoskeleton is chitinous, gelatinous, or composed only of a soft membrane, and always lacks an operculum. Colonies of ctenostomes are often composed of elongated, branch-like stolon In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...s, although more compact forms also exist. References Protostome orders {{bryozoan-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection. Two major categories are traditionally recognized, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods. The word "articulate" is used to describe the tooth-and-groove structures of the valve-hinge which is present in the articulate group, and absent from the inarticulate group. This is the leading diagnostic skeletal feature, by which the two main groups can be readily distinguished as fossils. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple, vertically-oriented opening and closing muscles. Conversely, inarticulate brachiopods have weak, untoothed hinges and a more complex system of vertical and oblique (diagonal) muscles used to keep the two valves aligned. In many brachiopods, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Victorellina Victorelloidea is a superfamily of bryozoans belonging to the order Ctenostomatida. It is the only superfamily in its monotypic suborder, Victorellina. The following families are accepted within the superfamily, according to the World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...: * Aethozoidae d'Hondt, 1983 * Immergentiidae Silén, 1946 * Nolellidae Harmer, 1915 * Sundanellidae Jebram, 1973 * Victorellidae Hincks, 1880 References {{Taxonbar, from1=Q21071327, from2=Q21229596 Ctenostomatida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Gymnolaemata Gymnolaemata are a class of Bryozoans. Gymnolaemata are sessile, mostly marine organisms and grow on the surfaces of rocks, kelp, and in some cases on animals, like fish. Zooids are cylindrical or flattened. The lophophore is protruded by action of muscles pulling on the frontal wall. This order includes the majority of living bryozoan species. Orders * Cheilostomata Busk, 1852 * Ctenostomatida The Ctenostomatida are an order of bryozoans in the class Gymnolaemata. The great majority of ctenostome species are marine, although '' Paludicella'' inhabits freshwater. They are distinguished from their close relatives, the cheilostomes, by ... Busk, 1852 External links * * References Protostome classes {{Bryozoan-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Paludicella ''Paludicella'' is a genus of freshwater bryozoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they have a special feeding structure called a l ...ns in the family Paludicellidae. Species There are two species: '' Paludicella articulata'' (Ehrenberg, 1831) '' Paludicella pentagonalis'' Annandale, 1916 References Bryozoan genera Ctenostomatida {{bryozoan-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cheilostomata Cheilostomatida, also called Cheilostomata, is an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata. They are exclusively marine, colonial invertebrate animals. Cheilostome colonies are composed of calcium carbonate and grow on a variety of surfaces, including rocks, shells, seagrass and kelps. The colony shapes range from simple encrusting sheets to erect branching and even unattached forms. As in other bryozoan groups, each colony is composed of a few to thousands of individual polypides. Each individual has a U-shaped gut, and no respiratory, circulatory, or nerve system. Unique among bryozoans, cheilostome polypides are housed in a box-shaped zooids, which do not grow larger once the zooid is mature. The opening through which the polypide protrudes is protected by a calcareous or chitinous lidlike structure, an operculum. Cheilostomes possess avicularia, which have modified the operculum into a range of mandibles (possibly for defense) or hair-like setae (possibly for cleaning). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]