Copula (geology)
Copula may refer to: * Copula (linguistics), a word used to link subject and predicate * Copula (music), a type of polyphonic texture similar to organum * Copula (probability theory), a function linking marginal variables into a multivariate distribution * ''Copula'' (cnidarian), a genus of box jellyfish * '' Beatmania IIDX 23: Copula'', a video game See also * Copula linguae, an embryonic structure of the tongue * Copulas in signal processing * Copulation (zoology) * Cupola, an architectural term * Cupola furnace, a foundry device * Cupula (other) * Cupule (other) * Indo-European copula * Romance copula In some of the Romance languages the Copula (linguistics), copula, the equivalent of the verb ''to be'' in English, is relatively complex compared to its counterparts in other languages. A copula (linguistics), copula is a word that links the su ...

Copula (linguistics)
In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae; abbreviated ) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word ''is'' in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase ''was not being'' in the sentence "It was not being co-operative." The word ''copula'' derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things. A copula is often a verb or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case. A verb that is a copula is sometimes called a copulative or copular verb. In English primary education grammar courses, a copula is often called a linking verb. In other languages, copulas show more resemblances to pronouns, as in Classical Chinese and Guarani, or may take the form of suffixes attached to a noun, as in Korean, Beja, and Inuit languages. Most languages have one main copula, although some (like Spanish, Portuguese and Thai) have more than one, while others have none. In the case of Eng ...
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Copula (music)
With regard to early polyphony the term ''copula'' has a variety of meanings. At its most basic level, it can be thought of as the linking of notes together to form a melody. "A copula is a rapid, connected discant..."Strunk, William Oliver (1998). ''Source Readings in Music History'', p.242. . However, it is often considered to be a particular type of polyphonic texture similar to organum, but with modal rhythm. The music theorist Johannes de Garlandia favoured this description of copula. The term refers to music where the lower voice sings long, sustained notes (the chant or tenor) while the higher voices sing faster-moving harmony lines. This style is typical of what is referred to as Notre Dame Polyphony; examples of which can be found in the Magnus Liber Organi. Copula might have implied a strophic construction with much repetition in the various parts, which was characteristic of much of the music written in this idiom. The upper part consists of "antecedent-consequent" ...
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Copula (probability Theory)
In probability theory and statistics, a copula is a multivariate cumulative distribution function for which the marginal probability distribution of each variable is uniform on the interval  , 1 Copulas are used to describe/model the dependence (inter-correlation) between random variables. Their name, introduced by applied mathematician Abe Sklar in 1959, comes from the Latin for "link" or "tie", similar but unrelated to grammatical copulas in linguistics. Copulas have been used widely in quantitative finance to model and minimize tail risk and portfolio-optimization applications. Sklar's theorem states that any multivariate joint distribution can be written in terms of univariate marginal distribution functions and a copula which describes the dependence structure between the variables. Copulas are popular in high-dimensional statistical applications as they allow one to easily model and estimate the distribution of random vectors by estimating marginals and copulae ...
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Copula (cnidarian)
''Copula'' is a monotypic genus of box jellyfish in the family Tripedaliidae of the phylum Cnidaria. The only species in the genus is ''Copula sivickisi'', a very small gelatinous, bell-shaped jellyfish with four tentacles that is active only at night. It is unusual among box jellyfish in having a mating ritual and internal fertilization. Its scientific name honours the Lithuanian zoologist Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis. Description ''Copula sivickisi'' is a very small species of jellyfish, the medusa growing to about in diameter. The bell is a more "boxy" shape than that of the umbrella-like true jellyfishes. The eight gonads can be seen inside the transparent bell. In males these are orange hemispherical structures near the apex of the bell, and in females they are white-speckled, leaf-like structures. There is a central manubrium, a transparent tubular structure hanging down from the centre of the underside of the bell and there are four slender tentacles hanging from the ...
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Copula
Copula may refer to: * Copula (linguistics), a word used to link subject and predicate * Copula (music), a type of polyphonic texture similar to organum * Copula (probability theory), a function linking marginal variables into a multivariate distribution * ''Copula'' (jellyfish), a genus of box jellyfish * '' Beatmania IIDX 23: Copula'', a video game See also * Copula linguae, an embryonic structure of the tongue * Copulas in signal processing * Copulation (zoology) * Cupola, an architectural term * Cupola furnace, a foundry device * Cupula (other) * Cupule (other) * Indo-European copula * Romance copula In some of the Romance languages the Copula (linguistics), copula, the equivalent of the verb ''to be'' in English, is relatively complex compared to its counterparts in other languages. A copula (linguistics), copula is a word that links the su ...

Copula Linguae
The copula linguae or copula, is a swelling that forms from the second pharyngeal arch The pharyngeal arches, also known as visceral arches'','' are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In fish, the arches are known as the branchial arches, or gill arche ..., late in the fourth week of embryogenesis. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula becomes overgrown and covered by the hypopharyngeal eminence which forms mostly from the third pharyngeal arch and in part from the fourth pharyngeal arch. References External links * Anatomy {{Portal bar, Anatomy ...
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Copulas In Signal Processing
A copula is a mathematical function that provides a relationship between marginal distributions of random variables and their joint distributions. Copulas are important because it represents a dependence structure without using marginal distributions. Copulas have been widely used in the field of finance, but their use in signal processing is relatively new. Copulas have been employed in the field of wireless communication for classifying radar signals, change detection in remote sensing applications, and EEG signal processing in medicine. In this article, a short introduction to copulas is presented, followed by a mathematical derivation to obtain copula density functions, and then a section with a list of copula density functions with applications in signal processing. Introduction Using Sklar's theorem, a copula can be described as a cumulative distribution function (CDF) on a unit-space with uniform marginal distributions on the interval (0, 1). The CDF of a random vari ...
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Copulation (zoology)
In zoology, copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into her reproductive tract. This is an aspect of mating. Many animals that live in water use external fertilization, whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes in a liquid medium in the Late Ordovician epoch. Internal fertilization with many vertebrates (such as all reptiles, some fish, and most bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...s) occurs via cloacal copulation, known as cloacal kiss (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally, and many primitive (biology), basal vertebrates reproduce sexually with external fertilization. In spiders and insects Spiders are often confused with insects, b ...
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Cupola
In architecture, a cupola () is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually crowns a larger roof or dome. The word derives, via Italian, from lower Latin ''cupula'' (classical Latin ''cupella''), (Latin ''cupa''), indicating a vault resembling an upside-down cup. Background The cupola evolved during the Renaissance from the older oculus. Being weatherproof, the cupola was better suited to the wetter climates of northern Europe. The chhatri, seen in Indian architecture, fits the definition of a cupola when it is used atop a larger structure. Cupolas often serve as a belfry, belvedere, or roof lantern above a main roof. In other cases they may crown a spire, tower, or turret. Barns often have cupolas for ventilation. Cupolas can also appear as small buildings in their own right. The square, dome-like segment of a North American railroad train caboose that contains the seco ...
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Cupola Furnace
A cupola or cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni-resist iron and some bronzes. The cupola can be made almost any practical size. The size of a cupola is expressed in diameters and can range from . The overall shape is cylindrical and the equipment is arranged vertically, usually supported by four legs. The overall look is similar to a large smokestack. The bottom of the cylinder is fitted with doors which swing down and out to 'drop bottom'. The top where gases escape can be open or fitted with a cap to prevent rain from entering the cupola. To control emissions a cupola may be fitted with a cap that is designed to pull the gases into a device to cool the gases and remove particulate matter. The shell of the cupola, being usually made of steel, has refractory brick and plastic refractory patching material lining it. The bottom is lined in a similar manner but often a clay and sand mixture ("bod") may be used, as this lining ...
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Cupula (other)
A cupula is a small, inverted cup or dome-shaped cap over a structure, including: * Ampullary cupula, a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation * Cochlear cupula, a structure in the cochlea * Cupula of the pleura, related to the lungs *The cervical parietal pleura in the thorax *A layer in the otolith organs * The ''cupula optica'', or optic cup, in embryological development of the eye * Cup-like structure fitted over the eye during electrophysiology study * Suprapleural membrane See also * Cupola (other) A cupola is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Cupola may also refer to: Science, mathematics, and technology * Cupola (cave formation), a recess in the ceiling of a lava tube * Cupola (geology), a ty ... * Copula (other) * Cupule (other) {{disambig ...
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Cupule (other)
A cupule is a small structure shaped like a cup, including: * In archeology, rock cupules are circular man-made hollows on the surface of a large rock or a rock slab ** On a smaller artifact they are called a cupstone. * In botany: the base of an acorn, see calybium and cupule. * In entomology, a sucker on the feet of some flies. See also * Cupula (other) * Copula (other) * Cupul Cupul or Kupul, (Maya: ''Kupul'', 'toponímico; adjective') was the name of a Maya chiefdom at time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Cupul was one of the most extensive and densely populated Maya provinces on the Yucatán Peninsula. It was for ...