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Censorship Of Wikipedia
Censorship of Wikipedia has occurred in many countries, including China, France, Germany, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. Some instances are examples of widespread internet censorship in general that includes Wikipedia content. Others are indicative of measures to prevent the viewing of specific content deemed offensive. The length of different blocks have varied from hours to years. When Wikipedia ran on the HTTP protocol, governments were able to block specific articles. However, in 2011 Wikipedia began running on HTTPS as well and in 2015 switched over entirely. Since then, the only censorship option has been to block the entire site for a particular language, which has resulted in some countries dropping their bans and others expanding their bans to the entire site. Wikipedia has been blocked in China since 23 April 2019 and in Myanmar since 21 February 2021. Australia In 2018, County Court of Victoria chief ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wikipedia Website Blocks
Wikipedia is a multilingual free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. It is consistently one of the 10 most popular websites ranked by Similarweb and formerly Alexa; Wikipedia was ranked the 5th most popular site in the world. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded mainly through donations. Wikipedia was launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001. Sanger coined its name as a blend of ''wiki'' and ''encyclopedia''. Wales was influenced by the "spontaneous order" ideas associated with Friedrich Hayek and the Austrian School of economics after being exposed to these ideas by the libertarian economist Mark Thornton. Initially available only in English, versions in other languages were quickly developed. Its combined editions com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). The protocol is therefore also referred to as HTTP over TLS, or HTTP over SSL. The principal motivations for HTTPS are authentication of the accessed website, and protection of the privacy and integrity of the exchanged data while in transit. It protects against man-in-the-middle attacks, and the bidirectional encryption of communications between a client and server protects the communications against eavesdropping and tampering. The authentication aspect of HTTPS requires a trusted third party to sign server-side digital certificates. This was historically an expensive operation, which meant fully authenticated HTTPS connections were usually found o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detention Of Pavel Pernikaŭ
On 7 April 2022, Pavel Alexandrovich Pernikaŭ ( be, Павел Аляксандравіч Пернікаў ''Pavel Alaksandravič Pernikaŭ''; also Pavel Aleksandrovich Pernikov, from russian: Павел Александрович Перников), a 30-year-old Belarusian human rights activist and Wikipedia editor, was sentenced to two years imprisonment for "discrediting the Republic of Belarus" by making two edits to Wikipedia about political repression in Belarus, and posting one article to the website of a human rights organization about torture and extra-judicial killings in Belarusian detention centers. Days after his imprisonment, he was recognized as a political prisoner by Belarusian human rights organizations. Background Pavel Alexandrovich Pernikaŭ studied at A.S. Pushkin Brest State University. In 2013, he participated in a student works competition for the 20th anniversary of the World Conference on Human Rights, and received a diploma from the UN office in Belar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brest, Belarus
Brest ( be, Брэст / Берасьце, Bieraście, ; russian: Брест, ; uk, Берестя, Berestia; lt, Brasta; pl, Brześć; yi, בריסק, Brisk), formerly Brest-Litovsk (russian: Брест-Литовск, lit=Lithuanian Brest; be, links=no, translit=Berastze Litouski (Berastze), Берасце Літоўскі (Берасце); lt, links=no, Lietuvos Brasta; pl, links=no, Brześć Litewski, ), Brest-on-the-Bug ( pl, links=no, Brześć nad Bugiem), is a city (population 350,616 in 2019) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town. It is the capital city of the Brest Region. Brest is a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netzpolitik
netzpolitik.org is a German language news website on digital rights and digital culture. Among other topics, it covers mass surveillance, open source software, data protection and privacy and net neutrality. The blog was founded in 2002 by Markus Beckedahl, who still leads the project today, supported by more than 30 other contributors. Treason investigation 2015 In Spring 2015, netzpolitik.org leaked internal government documents which detailed the proposed surveillance expansion of social networks by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, an intelligence agency, by producing two articles, first in February 2015 and then in April 2015. On July 31, 2015, netzpolitik.org announced:Today, we received a letter from the Federal Attorney General of Germany confirming ongoing investigations against our reporters Markus Beckedahl, Andre Meister and an “unknown” source, suspecting us of treason according to the German Penal Code.Up until that point, they wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netzpolitik
netzpolitik.org is a German language news website on digital rights and digital culture. Among other topics, it covers mass surveillance, open source software, data protection and privacy and net neutrality. The blog was founded in 2002 by Markus Beckedahl, who still leads the project today, supported by more than 30 other contributors. Treason investigation 2015 In Spring 2015, netzpolitik.org leaked internal government documents which detailed the proposed surveillance expansion of social networks by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, an intelligence agency, by producing two articles, first in February 2015 and then in April 2015. On July 31, 2015, netzpolitik.org announced:Today, we received a letter from the Federal Attorney General of Germany confirming ongoing investigations against our reporters Markus Beckedahl, Andre Meister and an “unknown” source, suspecting us of treason according to the German Penal Code.Up until that point, they wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An estimated 8 million Ukrainians were displaced within their country by late May and 7.8 million fled the country by 8 November 2022, while Russia, within five weeks of the invasion, experienced its greatest emigration since the 1917 October Revolution. Following the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russia annexed Crimea, and Russian-backed paramilitaries seized part of the Donbas region of south-eastern Ukraine, which consists of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts, sparking a regional war. In March 2021, Russia began a large military build-up along its border with Ukraine, eventually amassing up to 190,000 troops and their equipment. Despite the build-up, denials of plans to invade or attack Ukraine were issued by various Russia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detention Of Mark Bernstein
On 11 March 2022, Mark Izraylevich Bernstein (russian: Марк Израйлевич Бернштейн), a Belarusian blogger and editor of the Russian-language Wikipedia, based in Minsk, was detained by the Belarusian GUBOPiK security force after online accusations of violating the 2022 Russian fake news law for his editing of Wikipedia articles on the topic of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He was sentenced to 15 days' administrative arrest under Article 24.3 of the Administrative Code of Belarus (for disobedience to police officers). After that period, he was kept in detention; on 24 June 2022 he was sentenced to three years of restricted freedom and released from custody. Background Bernstein has edited Wikipedia under the username Pessimist2006.Omer BenjakobRussia's War on Truth: Top Wikipedia Editor Arrested Amidst Ukraine Censorship Haaretz 14 March 2022 From late 2009 to early 2022, Bernstein was one of the 50 most active editors of the Russian Wikipedia, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUBOPiK
The Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime and Corruption of the MVD of the Republic of Belarus, abbreviated ГУБОПиК (GUBOPiK), be, Галоўнае ўпраўленне па барацьбе з арганізаванай злачыннасцю і карупцыяй МУС Рэспублікі Беларусь, Haloŭnaje ŭpraŭliennie pa baraćbie z arhanizavanaj zlačynnasciu i karupcyjaj MUS Respubliki Bielaruś, abbreviated ГУБАЗіК (HUBAZiK), is a state security service of Belarus accused of numerous acts of political repression, violence and torture of political opponents of Alexander Lukashenko's regime. History GUBOPiK was created as a unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1991 and reorganised in 2003. GUBOPiK has been referred by the media as "one of the main bodies responsible for political persecution" in Belarus". [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Pell
George Pell (born 8 June 1941) is an Australian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as the inaugural prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy between 2014 and 2019, and was a member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers between 2013 and 2018. Ordained a priest in 1966 and bishop in 1987, he was made a cardinal in 2003. Pell served as the eighth Archbishop of Sydney (2001–2014), the seventh Archbishop of Melbourne (1996–2001) and an auxiliary bishop of Melbourne (1987–1996). He has also been an author, columnist and public speaker. Since 1996, Pell has maintained a high public profile on a wide range of issues, while retaining an adherence to Catholic orthodoxy. Pell worked as a priest in rural Victoria and in Melbourne and also chaired the aid organisation Caritas Australia (part of Caritas Internationalis) from 1988 to 1997. He was appointed as a delegate to the Australian Constitutional Convention in 1998, received the Centenary Medal from the Australian gov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Kidd
Peter Barrington Kidd SC (born 4 October 1965) is an Australian jurist. He has served as Chief Judge of the County Court of Victoria since 8 September 2015, and as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria since 24 May 2016. As chief judge of the County Court, Kidd chairs the County Court's Board of Management and is a member of the Courts Council, the governing body of Court Services Victoria. He also sits on the boards of the Judicial College of Victoria. and the Judicial Commission of Victoria. In 2018–2019, he presided over the trial of Cardinal George Pell whom he sentenced to six years in jail. In April 2020 the High Court of Australia quashed that verdict because there was "a significant possibility that an innocent person has been convicted because the evidence did not establish guilt to the requisite standard of proof". Kidd holds a Masters of Laws from the University of Geneva, where he specialised in international humanitarian and criminal law, and a Bachelor of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Court Of Victoria
The County Court of Victoria is the intermediate court in the Australian state of Victoria. It is equivalent to district courts in the other states. The County Court is the principal trial court in the state, having a broad criminal and civil jurisdiction. The court hears indictable offences (with the exception of murder, manslaughter, and treason), and has unlimited civil jurisdiction, though it generally only hears cases where the statement of claim exceeds the Magistrates' Court limit of $100,000. The court also possesses appellate jurisdiction for cases from the Magistrates' Court, while decisions of the County Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court. With approximately 70 sitting judges, the court hears up to 12,000 cases annually. Peter Kidd was named Chief Judge of the County Court on 8 September 2015. History The County Court was first established in Victoria in 1852 by the ''County Courts Act 1852''. A County Court operated in the County of Bourke and some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
