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Ceasefires In Burma
Ceasefires in Myanmar have been heavily utilized by the Burmese government as a policy to contain ethnic rebel groups and create tentative truces. The first ceasefire was arranged by the State Law and Order Restoration Council in 1989, specifically spearheaded by Khin Nyunt, then the Chief of Military Intelligence, with the Kokang-led National Democratic Alliance Army, which had recently split from the Communist Party of Burma due to internal conflicts. Background The internal conflict in Myanmar began after the country's independence in 1948, as successive central governments of Myanmar (or Burma) fought myriad ethnic and political rebellions. Some of the earliest insurgencies were by Burmese-dominated "multi-colored" leftists, and by the Karen National Union (KNU). The KNU fought to carve out an independent Karen state from large swaths of Lower Myanmar. Other ethnic rebellions broke out in the early 1960s after the central government refused to consider a federal style gov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Truce
A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence, but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict, but instead gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 Uprising
The 8888 Uprising ( my, ၈၈၈၈ အရေးအခင်း), also known as the People Power UprisingYawnghwe (1995), pp. 170 and the 1988 Uprising, was a series of nationwide protests, marches, and riots in Burma (present-day Myanmar) that peaked in August 1988. Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is commonly known as the "8888 Uprising". The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University and the Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT). Since 1962, the Burma Socialist Programme Party had ruled the country as a totalitarian one-party state, headed by General Ne Win. Under the government agenda, called the Burmese Way to Socialism, which involved economic isolation and the strengthening of the military, Burma became one of the world's most impoverished countries.Burma Watcher (1989)Woodsome, Kate. (7 October 2007)'Burmese Way to Socialism' Drives Country into Poverty Voic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shan State
Shan State ( my, ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်, ; shn, မိူင်းတႆး, italics=no) also known by the Endonym and exonym, endonyms Shanland, Muang Tai, and Tailong, is a administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha Province, Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar) in the west. The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km2, almost a quarter of the total area of Myanmar. The state gets its name from Burmese name for the Tai peoples: "Shan people". The Tai (Shan) constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shanland is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi. Taunggyi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
, logo = Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg , caption = Flag of the MNDAA , active= – present , leader = Peng Daxun , ideology = Kokang nationalismSeparatism , partof = Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party , predecessor = Communist Party of Burma , successor = Mongko Region Defence Army (split in 1995) , headquarters = , area = Kokang Self-Administered Zone, Myanmar , size = 10,000 , allies = Northern Alliance * Arakan Army * Kachin Independence Army * Ta'ang National Liberation Army Other allies * People's Defence Force * Karenni Nationalities Defence Force , opponents = * Tatmadaw * Myanmar Police Force Union of Myanmar (until 2011) , battles = Internal conflict in Myanmar * 2009 Kokang incident * 2015 Kokang offensive * Muse offensive * Myanmar civil war (2021–present) , website = The Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) is an armed resistance group in the Kokang region, Myanmar (Burma). The army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burmese Government
Myanmar ( also known as Burma) operates ''de jure'' as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution. On 1 February 2021, Myanmar's military took over the government in a coup, causing ongoing anti-coup protests. Political conditions The history of Myanmar, formerly called Burma, began with the Pagan Kingdom in 849. Although each kingdom has constantly been at war with their neighbors, it was the largest South East Asian Empire during the 16th century under the Taungoo Dynasty. The thousand-year line of Burmese monarchy ended with the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The country was then administered as part of British India until 1937. British Burma began with its official recognition on the colonial map that marks its new borders containing over 100 ethnicities. It was named Burma after the dominant ethnic group Bamar, who make up 68 percent of the population. During World War II, a coalition of mostly members of the Bamar ethnic group volunteered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pa-O National Army
The Pa-O National Army ( blk, ပအိုဝ်ႏစွိုးခွိုꩻတပ်မတောႏ, my, ပအိုဝ်းအမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်; abbreviated PNA) is a Pa-O insurgent group in Myanmar (Burma). It was established in 1949 and is the armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation. The PNA protects the PNO-governed Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, which consists of three townships in southern Shan State: Hopong, Hsi Hseng, and Pinlaung townships. The PNA signed a ceasefire agreement with the then ruling State Peace and Development Council on 11 April 1991 and reformed itself as a people's militia force. It merged with other Pa-O paramilitary groups on 9 December 2009. Following the military coup d'état on 1 February 2021, there have been reports of PNA forcibly recruiting locals, extorting money and conducting joint operations with the Burmese military against resistance groups. An outpost occupied by allied forces of the Bur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pa-O National Organisation
The Pa-O National Organisation ( my, ပအိုဝ်း အမျိုးသား အဖွဲ့ချုပ်) is a Pa-O political party in Myanmar (Burma). Its armed wing, the Pa-O National Army, has between 400 and 700 active personnel. The PNO administers the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, which consists of three townships in southern Shan State: Hopong, Hsi Hseng, and Pinlaung townships. The PNO campaigns for the Pa-O people and promotes agricultural and work programmes across its controlled territory, in additional to building schools and hospitals in the area. The organisation's armed wing, the Pa-O National Army (PNA), is a close ally of the Burmese military while PNO itself has close ties to the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party The Union Solidarity and Development Party ( my, ပြည်ထောင်စုကြံ့ခိုင်ရေးနှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးပါတီ; abbr. USDP) is a politica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Democratic Army - Kachin
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, 1995 Songs * "New" (Daya song), 2017 * "New" (Paul McCartney song), 2013 * "New" (No Doubt song), 1999 *"new", by Loona from '' Yves'', 2017 *"The New", by Interpol from ''Turn On the Bright Lights'', 2002 Acronyms * Net economic welfare, a proposed macroeconomic indicator * Net explosive weight, also known as net explosive quantity * Network of enlightened Women, a conservative university women's organization * Next Entertainment World, a South Korean film distribution company Identification codes * Nepal Bhasa language ISO 639 language code * New Century Financial Corporation (NYSE stock abbreviation) * Northeast Wrestling, a professional wrestling promotion in the northeastern United States Transport * New Orleans Lakefront A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kachin Defence Army
The Kachin Defense Army ( my, ကချင်ကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့; abbreviated KDA) was an armed insurgent group that operated in northern Shan State, Myanmar, until its conversion into a border guard force in January 2010. History The KDA was formerly the 4th brigade of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), until it split from its parent organisation, the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), and moved their headquarters to Kawnghka, Kutkai Township, Shan State. After the Mong Tai Army disbanded, the KDA gained some of their abandoned territory. In 2010, the KDA accepted a proposal by the State Peace and Development Council, the then governing body of Myanmar, to transform into a "border guard force". The proposal was intended to bring security to local Kachin people under the KDA's governing, but instead led to the disarmament of 1,500 KDA members. The KDA surrendered their heavy weapons and mortars to the Northeastern Regional Command, in accorda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
The Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA; my, တိုးတက်သော ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကရင်အမျိုးသား တပ်ဖွဲ့) was originally an insurgent group of Buddhist soldiers and officers in Myanmar that split from the predominantly Christian led Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), one of the largest rebel factions in Myanmar. Shortly after splitting from the KNLA in December 1994, the DKBA signed a ceasefire agreement with the government of Myanmar in exchange for military and financial assistance; provided that it supported government offensives against the KNU (the political wing of the KNLA) and its allies.http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=112®ionSelect=7-Eastern_Asia# , Uppsala Conflict Encyclopedia, Myanmar (Burma) History Formation The DKBA was formed for a variety of reasons. A Buddhist monk named U Thuzana had started a campaign in 1992 of constructing pagodas in Karen State, including at the K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatmadaw
Tatmadaw (, , ) is the official name of the armed forces of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is administered by the Ministry of Defence and composed of the Myanmar Army, the Myanmar Navy and the Myanmar Air Force. Auxiliary services include the Myanmar Police Force, the Border Guard Forces, the Myanmar Coast Guard, and the People's Militia Units. Since independence, the Tatmadaw has faced significant ethnic insurgencies, especially in Kachin, Kayin, Kayah, and Shan states. General Ne Win took control of the country in a 1962 coup d'état, attempting to build an autarkic society called the Burmese Way to Socialism. Following the violent repression of nationwide protests in 1988, the military agreed to free elections in 1990, but ignored the resulting victory of the National League for Democracy and imprisoned its leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The 1990s also saw the escalation of the conflict between Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State due to RSO attacks on Tatmada ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ye Myint
Ye Myint ( my, ရဲမြင့်) was the chief minister of Mandalay Region, Myanmar, from 2011 to 2016. He is a former lieutenant general in the Myanmar Army and former chief of Military Affairs Security. A member of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, he was elected to represent Pyinoolwin Township Constituency No. 2 as a Mandalay Region Hluttaw representative in the 2010 Burmese general election. Terrorist attack and fire In January 2014, a convoy carrying Ye Myint and two other regional ministers was hit by a landmine attack, at Naungcho, on the Mogok-Pyinoolwin Pyin Oo Lwin or Pyin U Lwin (, ; Shan: ), formerly and colloquially referred to as Maymyo (), is a scenic hill town in the Mandalay Region, Myanmar, some east of Mandalay, and at an elevation of . The town was estimated to have a population of ... highway, on the way back to Mandalay. On 19 April 2014, Ye Myint's Mandalay home caught fire, caused by an overheated surge protector connected to an ai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
