Capitulation Of Tunis
Capitulation may have the following special meanings. * Capitulation (surrender) **Stock market capitulation * Capitulation (treaty) ** Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire *Capitulation (algebra) * Conclave capitulation *Electoral capitulation An electoral capitulation (german: Wahlkapitulation) was initially a written agreement in parts of Europe, principally the Holy Roman Empire, whereby from the 13th century onward, a candidate to a Prince-Bishop, prince-bishopric had to agree to a s ...

Capitulation (surrender)
Capitulation ( la, capitulum, a little head or division; ''capitulare'', to treat upon terms) is an agreement in time of war for the surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town or a territory. It is an ordinary incident of war, and therefore no previous instructions from the captors' government are required before finally settling the conditions of capitulation. The most usual of such conditions are freedom of religion and security of private property on one hand, and a promise not to bear arms within a certain period on the other. Such agreements may be rashly concluded with an inferior officer, on whose authority the enemy are not, in the actual position of the war, entitled to place reliance. When an agreement is made by an officer who has not the proper authority or who has exceeded the limits of his authority, it is termed a "sponsion", and, to be binding, must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. Article 35 of the Hague Conventi ...
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Stock Market Capitulation
A market trend is a perceived tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time. Analysts classify these trends as ''secular'' for long time-frames, ''primary'' for medium time-frames, and ''secondary'' for short time-frames. Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time. A market trend can only be determined in hindsight, since at any time prices in the future are not known. Market terminology The terms "bull market" and "bear market" describe upward and downward market trends, respectively, and can be used to describe either the market as a whole or specific sectors and securities. The terms come from London's Exchange Alley in the early 18th century, where traders who engaged in naked short selling were called "bear-skin jobbers" because they sold a bear's skin (the sh ...
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Capitulation (treaty)
A capitulation (term derived from the Latin word ''caput'') is a treaty or unilateral contract by which a sovereign state relinquishes jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. As a result, the foreign subjects are immune, for most civil and criminal purposes, from actions by courts and other governmental institutions in the state that makes the capitulation. Historical examples Medieval capitulations In the Ottoman Empire, arrangements termed Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, capitulations, and treaties confirmatory of them were made between the Ottoman Porte, Sublime Porte and other states by which Resident alien, foreigners resident in the Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, territories of the Ottoman Empire were subjected to the laws of their respective countries. In the 9th century CE, the Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, Hārūn al-Rashīd granted guarantees and commercial facilities to such Franks, subjects o ...
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Capitulations Of The Ottoman Empire
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and other powers in Europe, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions. The Turkish Capitulations were grants made by successive Sultans to Christian nations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the Byzantine Empire. According to these capitulations traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The capitulations were initially made during the Ottoman Empire's military dominance, to entice and encourage commercial exchange with Western merchants. However, after military dominance shifted to Europe, significant economic and polit ...
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Capitulation (algebra)
In the mathematical field of algebraic number theory, the concept of principalization refers to a situation when, given an Field extension, extension of algebraic number fields, some Ideal (ring theory), ideal (or more generally fractional ideal) of the ring of integers of the smaller field isn't Principal ideal, principal but its Extension and contraction of ideals, extension to the ring of integers of the larger field is. Its study has origins in the work of Ernst Kummer on ideal numbers from the 1840s, who in particular proved that for every algebraic number field there exists an extension number field such that all ideals of the ring of integers of the base field (which can always be generated by at most two elements) become principal when extended to the larger field. In 1897 David Hilbert conjectured that the Maximal abelian extension, maximal abelian Unramified extension, unramified extension of the base field, which was later called the Hilbert class field of the given base ...
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Conclave Capitulation
A conclave capitulation was a compact or unilateral contract drawn up by the College of Cardinals during a papal conclave to constrain the actions of the pope elected by the conclave. The legal term '' capitulation'' more frequently refers to the commitment of a sovereign state to relinquish jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. Before balloting began, all cardinals present at the conclave would swear to be bound by its provisions if elected pope. Capitulations were used by the College of Cardinals to assert its collective authority and limit papal supremacy, to "make the Church an oligarchy instead of a monarchy." Similar electoral capitulations were used on occasion from the 14th to the 17th centuries in Northern and Central Europe to constrain an elected king, emperor, prince, or bishop. History The College had made informal attempts to influence the actions of popes before drafting formal capitulations. The first capitulation was drafted in the c ...
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