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Cypovirus
''Cypovirus'', short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Diseases associated with this genus include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. Sixteen species are placed in this genus. Cypoviruses structurally have muc in common with the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropod viruses in the family ''Baculoviridae''. However, cypoviruses have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells, while nucleopolyhedroviruses have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Cypovirus'' are nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcrip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cypovirus 16
''Cypovirus'', short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Diseases associated with this genus include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. Sixteen species are placed in this genus. Cypoviruses structurally have muc in common with the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropod viruses in the family ''Baculoviridae''. However, cypoviruses have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells, while nucleopolyhedroviruses have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Cypovirus'' are Viral envelope, nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogeno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cypovirus 1
''Cypovirus'', short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Diseases associated with this genus include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. Sixteen species are placed in this genus. Cypoviruses structurally have muc in common with the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropod viruses in the family ''Baculoviridae''. However, cypoviruses have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells, while nucleopolyhedroviruses have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Cypovirus'' are nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcrip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Double-stranded RNA Viruses
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The double-stranded genome is used to transcribe a positive-strand RNA by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The positive-strand RNA may be used as messenger RNA (mRNA) which can be translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. The positive-strand RNA can also be replicated by the RdRp to create a new double-stranded viral genome. Double-stranded RNA viruses are classified in two separate phyla ''Duplornaviricota'' and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically class ''Duplopiviricetes''), which are in the kingdom ''Orthornavirae'' and realm ''Riboviria''. The two groups do not share a common dsRNA virus ancestor. Double-stranded RNA viruses evolved two separate times from positive-strand RNA viruses. In the Baltimore classification system, dsRNA viruses belong to Group III. Virus group members vary widely in host range (anim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reoviridae
''Reoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter ∼60–100 nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage. There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as rotaviruses) and respiratory tract. The name "reo-" is an acronym for "''r''espiratory ''e''nteric ''o''rphan" viruses''.'' The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' have more recently been identified with vario ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betairidovirinae
''Betairidovirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses in the family ''Iridoviridae'' that was established in 2016. It is one of two subfamilies within this family, the other being '' Alphairdovirinae''. Most species within the ''Betairidovirinae'' are hosted by invertebrates, whereas all species within the ''Alphairdovirinae'' are hosted by ' cold-blooded' vertebrates (namely; fishes, amphibians, and reptiles). As such, viruses in this subfamily may be called invertebrate iridescent viruses (IIVs) or invertebrate iridoviruses. Genera The genus consists of the following four genera, although many additional putative and partially characterised taxa are known: * ''Chloriridovirus'' * '' Daphniairidovirus'' * '' Decapodiridovirus'' * ''Iridovirus'' Hosts The ''Betairidovirinae'' are hosted by invertebrates, but some research indicates they may hosted by vertebrates, and that at least one invertebrate-hosted iridovirus is actually more closely related to the ''Alphairdovirinae''. Most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinareovirinae
''Spinareovirinae'' is a subfamily of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae''. Viruses in this group are distinguished by the presence of a turreted protein on the inner capsid. (''Spina'' = spiny or thorny in Latin.) Taxonomy The subfamily has nine genera: *'' Aquareovirus'' *''Coltivirus'' *''Cypovirus'' *'' Dinovernavirus'' *'' Fijivirus'' *'' Idnoreovirus'' *'' Mycoreovirus'' *''Orthoreovirus ''Orthoreovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Reoviridae'', in the subfamily '' Spinareovirinae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are ten species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include mild upper respirat ...'' *'' Oryzavirus'' References Reoviruses Virus subfamilies {{virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baculoviridae
''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies, and mosquitoes. Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells. Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Baculoviruses contain a circular, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome ranging from 80 to 180 kbp. Historical influence The earliest records of baculoviruses can be found in the literature from as early as the 16th century in reports of "wilting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) when viewing biological specimens such as cells, tissue, or organs. Ultrastructure can also be viewed with scanning electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy, although TEM is a standard histology technique for viewing ultrastructure. Such cellular structures as organelles, which allow the cell to function properly within its specified environment, can be examined at the ultrastructural level. Ultrastructure, along with molecular phylogeny, is a reliable phylogenetic way of classifying organisms. Features of ultrastructure are used industrially to control material properties and promote biocompatibility. History In 1931, German engineers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invented th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis, from Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, "amber") and φόρησις (phórēsis, "the act of bearing"), is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. Electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is sometimes called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles (anions) is sometimes called anaphoresis. The electrokinetic phenomenon of electrophoresis was observed for the first time in 1807 by Russian professors Peter Ivanovich Strakhov and Ferdinand Frederic Reuss at Moscow University, who noticed that the application of a constant electric field caused clay particles dispersed in water to migrate. It is ultimately caused by the presence of a charged interface between the particle surface and the surrounding fluid. It is the basis for analytical techniques used in chemistry for separating molecules by size, charge, or binding affinity. Electropho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lambda Phage
''Enterobacteria phage λ'' (lambda phage, coliphage λ, officially ''Escherichia virus Lambda'') is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species ''Escherichia coli'' (''E. coli''). It was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950. The wild type of this virus has a temperate life cycle that allows it to either reside within the genome of its host through lysogeny or enter into a lytic phase, during which it kills and lyses the cell to produce offspring. Lambda strains, mutated at specific sites, are unable to lysogenize cells; instead, they grow and enter the lytic cycle after superinfecting an already lysogenized cell. The phage particle consists of a head (also known as a capsid), a tail, and tail fibers (see image of virus below). The head contains the phage's double-strand linear DNA genome. During infection, the phage particle recognizes and binds to its host, ''E. coli'', causing DNA in the head of the phage to be ejected through the tail into the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helix
A helix () is a shape like a corkscrew or spiral staircase. It is a type of smooth space curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis. Helices are important in biology, as the DNA molecule is formed as two intertwined helices, and many proteins have helical substructures, known as alpha helices. The word ''helix'' comes from the Greek word ''ἕλιξ'', "twisted, curved". A "filled-in" helix – for example, a "spiral" (helical) ramp – is a surface called ''helicoid''. Properties and types The ''pitch'' of a helix is the height of one complete helix turn, measured parallel to the axis of the helix. A double helix consists of two (typically congruent) helices with the same axis, differing by a translation along the axis. A circular helix (i.e. one with constant radius) has constant band curvature and constant torsion. A ''conic helix'', also known as a ''conic spiral'', may be defined as a spiral on a conic surface, with the distance to the apex an expo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
