Contributions Directes
The contributions directes were a system of four taxes, also known as the ''quatre vieilles'', set up under the French Revolution. They were all direct taxes, willingly voted into existence by vote of the deputies, by contrast with the Ancien Régime, which mainly relied on indirect taxes. Three of them were set up in 1790 by the National Constituent Assembly: * the contribution foncière, on all lands ; * the contribution mobilière, on all income not derived from commerce or 'land' (with the latter including rent and industry) * the patente, which taxed the professions according to their external signs The fourth, the ''impôt sur les portes et fenêtres'' (comparable to the British window tax) was set up in 1798 by the French Directory. This one was not called a contribution, and was progressive. Until the First French Empire, these for direct taxes raised enough for the state budget, but the Napoleonic Wars led to the re-establishment of indirect taxation. {{DEFAULTSORT:Co ...
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French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like ''liberté, égalité, fraternité'' reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day. Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the ''Ancien Régime'' proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, i ...
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