|
Construction Surveying
Construction surveying or building surveying (otherwise known as "staking", "stake-out", "lay-out", "setting-out" or "BS") is to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project. History of construction surveying * The nearly perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. *A recent reassessment of Stonehenge (c.2500 BC) suggests that the monument was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry. *In the sixth century BC geometric based techniques were used to construct the tunnel of Eupalinos on the island of Samos. *Modern technology advanced surveying's accuracy and efficiency. For example, surveyors used to use two posts joined with a chain to measure distance. This technology could only account for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Pyramid Of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the biggest Egyptian pyramid and the tomb of Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu. Built in the early 26th century BC during a period of around 27 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. As part of the Giza pyramid complex, it borders present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Initially standing at , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the present . What is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about square, giving a volume of roughly , which includes an internal hillock. The dimensions of the pyramid were high, a base length of , with a seked of palms (a slope of 51°50'40"). The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks weighing 6 million tonnes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resection (orientation)
Position resection and intersection are methods for determining an unknown geographic position ( position finding) by measuring angles with respect to known positions. In ''resection'', the one point with unknown coordinates is occupied and sightings are taken to the known points; in ''intersection'', the two points with known coordinates are occupied and sightings are taken to the unknown point. Measurements can be made with a compass and topographic map (or nautical chart), theodolite or with a total station using known points of a geodetic network or landmarks of a map. Resection versus intersection Resection and its related method, ''intersection'', are used in surveying as well as in general land navigation (including inshore marine navigation using shore-based landmarks). Both methods involve taking azimuths or bearings to two or more objects, then drawing ''lines of position'' along those recorded bearings or azimuths. When intersecting, lines of position are used to fix th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as the designed positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales. Surveyors work with elements of geodesy, geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. They use equipment, such as total stations, robotic total stations, theodolites, GNSS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, LiDAR sensors, radios, inclinometer, handheld tablets, optical and digital levels, subsurface locators, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engineering Drawing
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey information about an object. A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for the construction of a component and is called a detail drawing. Usually, a number of drawings are necessary to completely specify even a simple component. The drawings are linked together by a master drawing or assembly drawing which gives the ''drawing numbers'' of the subsequent detailed components, quantities required, construction materials and possibly 3D images that can be used to locate individual items. Although mostly consisting of pictographic representations, abbreviations and symbols are used for brevity and additional textual explanations may also be provided to convey the necessary information. The process of producing engineering drawings is often referred to as technical drawing or drafting (draughting). Drawings typically contain multiple views of a component, although additional ''scratch views'' may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global Fortune 500 companies. History Civil engineering as a discipline Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cadastral Surveying
Cadastral surveying is the sub-field of cadastre and surveying that specialises in the establishment and re-establishment of real property boundaries. It involves the physical delineation of property boundaries and determination of dimensions, areas and certain rights associated with properties. This is regardless of whether they are on land, water or defined by natural or artificial features. It is an important component of the legal creation of properties. A cadastral surveyor must apply both the spatial-measurement principles of general surveying and legal principles such as respect of neighboring titles. Duties and role of a cadastral surveyor One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real property on the ground. That boundary has already been established and described in legal documents and official plans and maps prepared by attorneys, engineers, and other land surveyors. The corners of the property will either have been monumented by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RICS
The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) is a global professional body for surveyors, founded in London in 1868. It works at a cross-governmental level, and aims to promote and enforce the highest international standards in the valuation, management and development of land, real estate, construction and infrastructure. Founded as the Institution of Surveyors, it received a royal charter in 1881, and in 1947 became the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. With a London HQ and regional offices across the United Kingdom, plus international offices, it serves a 134,000-strong membership distributed over nearly 150 countries. The RICS is linked to other national surveying institutions, collaborates with other professional bodies, and, in 2013, was a founder member of a coalition to develop the International Property Measurement Standards (IPMS). It also produces cost information and professional guidance on valuation and other activities. In September 2021, an inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hong Kong Institute Of Surveyors
The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors (HKIS; ) is a surveying organisation in Hong Kong. It was formally established in April 1984 with 85 founding members. It is the only professional surveying body incorporated by ordinance in Hong Kong. As of February 2017, membership exceeds 9,776, with more than 6,288 corporate members. The first president of the institute was Sr Kan Fook-Yee (). Members holding HKIS qualifications may use the following designations after their name: MHKIS (Member), FHKIS (Fellow), AMHKIS (Associate Member). Those with the designation MHKIS or FHKIS are also known as professional surveyors. History Sr Kan Fook-Yee and a number of his colleagues saw the value of a professional body for local surveyors, and the need to stimulate the development of the industry. Prior to the establishment of the HKIS in 1984, the Britain-based Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) represented the industry in Hong Kong.Langdon, Davis. ''Spon's Asia-Pacific Construct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABE (organisation)
Chartered Association of Building Engineers (CABE) is a professional body for building engineers in the United Kingdom and overseas. History Chartered Association of Building Engineers was founded as the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors (IAAS) in 1925 in London. The Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors became the Association of Building Engineers in 1993 and then the Chartered Association of Building Engineers in 2014, its current name, when it received Royal Charter. The IAAS was among the bodies which opposed a draft bill which was presented to Parliament in 1927 by the Royal Institute of British Architects' (RIBA) Registration Committee in the course of events which resulted in the passing of the Architects (Registration) Act 1931. Under the 1931 Act, the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) was established with the duty of setting up, maintaining and publishing the Register of Architects. The IAAS was among the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chartered Institute Of Building
The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) is a UK-based international professional association which exists to promote and advance for the public benefit the science and practice of building and construction. On official website Originating in 1834 as the Builders Society and incorporated in 1884 as The Institute of Builders, the institute was renamed the Institute of Building in 1965 and granted its royal charter of incorporation in September, 1980. CIOB's Academy establishes standards and conducts training courses in practices and disciplines of the construction industry, providing support, guidance and formal qualifications to individuals and companies. Designations of MCIOB (Member) and FCIOB (Fellow) are attainable by members who may also achieve qualification as "Chartered Builder" or "Chartered Construction Manager". The institute has some 45,000 members of whom 80 per cent reside in the UK and the others are in branches established in over 100 countries. CIOB is a fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chartered Building Surveyor
A Chartered Building Surveyor is a type of Chartered Surveyor involved in all aspects of property and construction, from supervising large mixed-use developments to planning domestic extensions. Building surveying is one of the widest areas of surveying practice. It has a varied workload and can include everything from the conservation and restoration of historic buildings to contemporary new developments. A Chartered building surveyor in the United Kingdom can only progress through the RICS membership route. A chartered building surveyor has completed an Assessment of Professional Competence (APC) with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The RICS was founded in London in 1868 and has more than 120,000 members globally, although less than 10% of RICS members have the specialist (chartered building surveyor) designation. They work closely with professional organisations around the globe. A chartered status is regarded as an enhancement to a building surveyor's professional s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expert Witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts. History The forensic expert practice is an ancient profession. For example, in ancient Babylonia, midwives were used as experts in determining pregnancy, virginity and female fertility. Similarly, the Roman Empire recognized midwives, handwriting experts and land surveyors as legal experts. The codified use of expert witnesses and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_crop.jpg "Click for more on -> Surveying")
.jpg "Click for more on -> Cadastral Surveying")