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Caliciviridae Infections
The ''Caliciviridae'' are a family of "small round structured" viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. Caliciviridae bear resemblance to enlarged picornavirus and was formerly a separate genus within the picornaviridae. They are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA which is not segmented. Thirteen species are placed in this family, divided among eleven genera. Diseases associated with this family include feline calicivirus (respiratory disease), rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (often fatal hepatitis), and Norwalk group of viruses (gastroenteritis). Caliciviruses naturally infect vertebrates, and have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and amphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are not enveloped. The capsid appears hexagonal/ spherical and has icosahedral symmetry (T=1 or T=3) with a diameter of 35–39 nm. Caliciviruses are not very well studied because until rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material, i.e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Culture
Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. This technique is also called micropropagation. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions the need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases ( CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vesivirus
''Vesivirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Caliciviridae''. Swine, sea mammals, and felines serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: respiratory disease, '' Feline calicivirus'' (FCV); conjunctivitis, and respiratory disease. Taxonomy The genus contains the following two species: *'' Feline calicivirus'' *'' Vesicular exanthema of swine virus'' Other, unofficial Vesi-like viruses include canine calicivirus, San Miguel sealion virus, vesivirus Cro1 and walrus calicivirus. Virion properties Morphology Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is non-enveloped, and are round with icosahedral symmetry and triangulation number T=3. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35–39 nm. Empty virions have diameter of 23 nm, with triangulation number T=1. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features, including 32 cup-shaped depressions. The capsomer arrangement is c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sapovirus
Sapovirus is a genetically diverse genus of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, non-enveloped viruses within the family ''Caliciviridae''. Together with norovirus, sapoviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (commonly called the "stomach flu" although it is not related to influenza) in humans and animals. It is a monotypic taxon containing only one species, the ''Sapporo virus''. Natural hosts for the virus are humans and swine. The virus is transmitted through oral/fecal contact. Sapovirus commonly occurs in children and infants and therefore is often spread in nurseries and daycares; however, it has also been found in long-term care facilities. This could be due to a lack of personal hygiene and sanitation measures. Common symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. The sapovirus was initially discovered in an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an orphanage in Sapporo, Japan, in 1977. Transmission route and host susceptibility Sapovirus is spread via the fecal/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Fever or headaches may also occur. Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after being exposed, and recovery typically occurs within one to three days. Complications are uncommon, but may include dehydration, especially in the young, the old, and those with other health problems. The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. It may also spread via contaminated surfaces or through air from the vomit of an infected person. Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. Confirmatory testing is not usually available but may be performed by public health agencies during outbreaks. Prevention involves proper hand washing and disinfection of con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nebovirus
''Nebovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family '' Caliciviridae''. Bovine serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Newbury 1 virus''. Diseases associated with this genus include: Gastroenteritis. Structure Viruses in ''Nebovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3, T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 35 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.3kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by RNA termination-reinitiation. Bovine serve as the natural host. References External links ICTV Report: ''Caliciviridae'' {{Taxonbar, from=Q18815176 Caliciviridae Virus genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lagovirus
''Lagovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Caliciviridae''. Lagomorphs serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: necrotizing hepatitis leading to fatal hemorrhages. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' European brown hare syndrome virus'' * ''Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus'' Virion properties Morphology Virions consist of a capsid. The capsid is not enveloped, round with T=3 icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35–39 nm. Particles with T=1 symmetry, composed of 60 capsid proteins are also observed, which have diameter of about 15 nm. Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features. The capsomer arrangement is clearly visible. Capsid with 32 cup-shaped depressions. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
