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Brown Spot Disease
''Cochliobolus miyabeanus'' (formerly known as ''Helminthosporium oryzae'') is a fungus that causes brown spot disease in rice. It was considered for use by the USA as a biological weapon against Japan during World War II. Hosts and symptoms Brown spot of rice is a plant fungal disease that usually occurs on the host leaves and glume, as well as seedlings, sheaths, stems and grains of adult host plants. Hosts include ''Oryza'' (Asian rice), ''Leersia'' (Cutgrass), ''Zizania'' (Wild rice), and other species as well such as ''Echinochloa colona'' (junglerice) and ''Zea mays'' (maize). ''Cochliobolus miyabeanus'' may cause a wide range of symptoms. General symptoms occurring on the hosts can be observed on many parts of the plant, including leaves, seeds, stems and inflorescences, along with the presence of brown spot. Discoloration of stems is another symptom develops from brown spot of rice disease. Oval-shaped brown spots are the fungal growth sign, which have grey colored ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leersia
''Leersia'' is a genus of plants in the grass family which includes species known generally as cutgrasses. The genus is widespread across many countries on all the inhabited continents. It was named for the German botanist Johann Daniel Leers (1727-1774). ; Species * '' Leersia angustifolia'' Prodoehl - Sudan * '' Leersia denudata'' Launert - from Kenya to Cape Province * '' Leersia drepanothrix'' Stapf - from Guinea to Uganda * '' Leersia friesii'' Melderis - from Uganda to Botswana * ''Leersia hexandra'' Sw. - Africa, Eurasia, Australian, North + South America, various islands * '' Leersia japonica'' (Honda) Honda - China, Japan, Korea * '' Leersia lenticularis'' Michx. - central + eastern USA * '' Leersia ligularis'' Trin. - Latin America + West Indies from Coahuila to Paraguay * '' Leersia monandra'' Sw. - Texas, Florida, Mexico, West Indies * '' Leersia nematostachya'' Launert - Cameroon, Angola, Zambia * '' Leersia oncothrix'' C.E.Hubb. - Zambia * '' Leersia oryzoide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Plant Pathogens And Diseases
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rice Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of rice (''Oryza sativa''). Diseases have historically been one of the major causes of rice shortages. p.434 Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Viruses *'' Rice black-streaked dwarf virus'' *'' Rice bunchy stunt virus'' *''Rice dwarf virus'' *''Rice gall dwarf virus'' *'' Rice giallume virus'' *''Rice grassy stunt virus'' *''Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus'' *'' Rice necrosis mosaic virus'' *''Rice ragged stunt virus'' *'' Rice stripe necrosis virus'' *'' Rice stripe tenuivirus'' *'' Rice transitory yellowing virus'' *''Rice tungro bacilliform virus'' - see Tungro below *''Rice tungro spherical virus'' - see Tungro below *''Rice yellow mottle virus'' Miscellaneous diseases and disorders See also * List of rice varieties References {{reflist, 30em, refs= {{cite web , title=bacterial leaf blight of rice, ''Xanthomonas oryzae'' pv. ''oryzae'' Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae , website=Invasive.Org , url=http://www.invasive.org/browse/su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant Disease Resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant (and hence a reduction of disease), while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage despite substantial pathogen levels. Disease outcome is determined by the three-way interaction of the pathogen, the plant and the environmental conditions (an interaction known as the disease triangle). Defense-activating compounds can move cell-to-cell and systematically through the plant's vascular system. However, plants do not have circulating immune cells, so most cell types exhibit a broad suite of antimicrobial defenses. Although obvious ''qualitative'' differences in disease resistance can be observed when multiple specimens are compared (allowing classification as “resistant” or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agro-terrorism
Agroterrorism, also known as agriterrorism and agricultural terrorism, is a malicious attempt to disrupt or destroy the agricultural industry and/or food supply system of a population through "the malicious use of plant or animal pathogens to cause devastating disease in the agricultural sectors"."Agriterrorism" Homeland Defense Stocks. It is closely related to the concepts of , and |
Bengal Famine Of 1943
The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine in the Bengal province of British India (present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and eastern India) during World War II. An estimated 0.8 to 3.8 million Bengalis perished, out of a population of 60.3 million, from starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and catastrophically disrupted the social fabric. Eventually, families disintegrated; men sold their small farms and left home to look for work or to join the British Indian Army, and women and children became homeless migrants, often travelling to Calcutta or other large cities in search of organised relief. Some scholars characterise the famine as anthropogenic (man-made), asserting that wartime colonial policies exacerbated the crisis. Others argue that the famine was the result of natural causes. Bengal's eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glume
In botany, a glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea. In grasses, two bracts known as "glumes" form the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually two but one is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent). Glumes may be similar in form to the lemmas, the bracts at the base of each floret This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o .... In sedges, by contrast, a glume is a scale at the base of each flower in a spikelet. References {{reflist Plant morphology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zea Mays
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. The term ''maize'' is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike ''corn'', which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Echinochloa Colona
''Echinochloa colona'', commonly known as jungle rice, deccan grass, or awnless barnyard grass, is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia. It was formerly classified as a species of ''Panicum''. It is the wild ancestor of the cultivated cereal crop ''Echinochloa frumentacea'', sawa millet. Some taxonomists treat the two taxa as one species, in which case the domesticated forms may also be referred to as ''E. colona''. Distribution and habitat The grass occurs throughout tropical Asia and Africa in fields, and along roadsides and waterways. It is considered an invasive weed in the Americas and Australia. In Australia, it has spread to wetlands, and is threatening the habitat of swamp tea trees. In culinary use In India seeds of this grass are used to prepare a food dish called khichadi ''Khichdi'' or ''khichri'' (, , , , Odia: ଖେଚୁଡି) is a dish in South Asian cuisine made of rice and lentils ('' dal'') with numerous variations. Variations in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zizania
Wild rice, also called manoomin, Canada rice, Indian rice, or water oats, is any of four species of grasses that form the genus ''Zizania'', and the grain that can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China, but eaten less in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable. Wild rice is not directly related to domesticated rice (''Oryza sativa'' and ''Oryza glaberrima''), although they are close cousins, all belonging to the tribe (biology), tribe Oryzeae. Wild-rice grains have a chewy outer sheath with a tender inner grain that has a slightly vegetal taste. The plants grow in shallow water in small lakes and slow-flowing streams; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water. The grain is eaten by dabbling ducks and other aquatic wildlife. Species Three species of wild rice are native to North America: * Northern wild rice (''Zizania palustris'') is an annual plant native to the Great Lak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
