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Breviograph
A breviograph or brevigraph (from la, brevis, short, and Greek ''grapho'', to write) is a type of scribal abbreviation in the form of an easily written symbol, character, flourish or stroke, based on a modified letter form to take the place of a common letter combination, especially those occurring at the beginning or end of a word. Breviographs were used frequently by stenographers, law clerks and scriveners, and they were also found in early printed books and tracts. Their use declined after the 17th century. Examples Examples of breviographs: * & — et (e.g. &c = ''et''c) * ⋅i⋅ — id est * ꝑ — per-, pre-, or par- (e.g. ꝑson = ''per''son) * ß — ser-, sur-, or sir- (e.g. ßuaunt = ''ser''uaunt = ''ser''vant) * X — Christ- (e.g. Xian = ''Christ''ian) See also * Acronym and initialism * Palaeography * Tironian notes * Classical abbreviations * Medieval abbreviations * Scribal abbreviation Scribal abbreviations or sigla (singular: siglum) are abbrevi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scribal Abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations or sigla (grammatical number, singular: siglum) are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek language, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts) and to identify the copyists of a work. History Abbreviated writing, using sigla, arose partly from the limitations of the workable nature of the materials (rock (geology), stone, metal, parchment, etc.) employed in record-making and partly from their availability. Thus, lapidary, lapidaries, engravers, and copyists made the most of the available writing space. Scribal abbreviations were infrequent when writing materials were plentiful, but by the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, writing materials were scarce and costly. During the Roman Republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla (p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scribal Abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations or sigla (grammatical number, singular: siglum) are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek language, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts) and to identify the copyists of a work. History Abbreviated writing, using sigla, arose partly from the limitations of the workable nature of the materials (rock (geology), stone, metal, parchment, etc.) employed in record-making and partly from their availability. Thus, lapidary, lapidaries, engravers, and copyists made the most of the available writing space. Scribal abbreviations were infrequent when writing materials were plentiful, but by the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, writing materials were scarce and costly. During the Roman Republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla (p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic period (), and the Classical period (). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance. This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language. From the Hellenistic period (), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek, which is regarded as a separate historical stage, although its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek, of which Attic Greek developed into Koine. Dia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folger Shakespeare Library
The Folger Shakespeare Library is an independent research library on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., United States. It has the world's largest collection of the printed works of William Shakespeare, and is a primary repository for rare materials from the early modern period (1500–1750) in Britain and Europe. The library was established by Henry Clay Folger in association with his wife, Emily Jordan Folger. It opened in 1932, two years after his death. The library offers advanced scholarly programs and national outreach to K–12 (education), K–12 classroom teachers on Shakespeare education. Other performances and events at the Folger include the award-winning Folger Theatre, which produces Shakespeare-inspired theater; Folger Consort, the early-music ensemble-in-residence; the O.B. Hardison Poetry Series; the PEN/Faulkner Reading Series; and numerous other exhibits, seminars, talks and lectures, and family programs. It also has several publications, including the Folger Libr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ampersand
The ampersand, also known as the and sign, is the logogram , representing the conjunction "and". It originated as a ligature of the letters ''et''—Latin for "and". Etymology Traditionally in English, when spelling aloud, any letter that could also be used as a word in itself ("A", "I", and, " O") was prefixed with the Latin expression ('by itself'), as in "per se A". It was also common practice to add the sign at the end of the alphabet as if it were the 27th letter, pronounced as the Latin ''et'' or later in English as ''and''. As a result, the recitation of the alphabet would end in "X, Y, Z, ''and per se and''". This last phrase was routinely slurred to "ampersand" and the term had entered common English usage by 1837. It has been falsely claimed that André-Marie Ampère used the symbol in his widely read publications and that people began calling the new shape "Ampère's and". History The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the old Roman c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Et Cetera
''Et Cetera'' ( or (proscribed) , ), abbreviated to ''etc.'', ''etc'', ''et cet.'', ''&c.'' or ''&c'' is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and other similar things", or "and so forth". Translated literally from Latin, means 'and', while means 'the rest'; thus the expression translates to 'and the rest (of such things)'. Et Cetéra is a calque of the Koine Greek () meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is (), 'and the remainder'. Spellings and usage The one-word spelling "etcetera" appears in some dictionaries. The abbreviated form ''&c.'' or ''&c'' is still occasionally used (the ampersand character, ''&'', derives from a ligature of ). The phrase ''et cetera'' is often used to denote the logical continuation of some sort of series of descriptions. For example, in the following expression: ''We will need a lot of bread: wheat, granary, wholemeal, etc. on our menu. '' In this case of a use at the end of a list without conjunction, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acronym And Initialism
An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in ''NATO'' (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''), but sometimes use syllables, as in ''Benelux'' (short for ''Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg''). They can also be a mixture, as in ''radar'' (''Radio Detection And Ranging''). Acronyms can be pronounced as words, like ''NASA'' and ''UNESCO''; as individual letters, like ''FBI'', ''TNT'', and ''ATM''; or as both letters and words, like ''JPEG'' (pronounced ') and ''IUPAC''. Some are not universally pronounced one way or the other and it depends on the speaker's preference or the context in which it is being used, such as '' SQL'' (either "sequel" or "ess-cue-el"). The broader sense of ''acronym''—the meaning of which includes terms pronounced as letters—is sometimes criticized, but it is the term's original meaning and is in common use. Dictionary and sty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaeography
Palaeography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, UK) or paleography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, US; ultimately from grc-gre, , ''palaiós'', "old", and , ''gráphein'', "to write") is the study of historic writing systems and the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts, including the analysis of historic handwriting. It is concerned with the forms and processes of writing; not the textual content of documents. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of Scriptorium, scriptoria. The discipline is one of the auxiliary sciences of history. It is important for understanding, authenticating, and dating historic texts. However, it generally cannot be used to pinpoint dates with high precision. Application Palaeography can be an essential skill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tironian Notes
Tironian notes ( la, notae Tironianae, links=no) are a set of thousands of signs that were formerly used in a system of shorthand (Tironian shorthand) dating from the 1st century BCE and named after Tiro, a personal secretary to Marcus Tullius Cicero, who is often credited as their inventor. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 signs, extended to 5,000 signs by others. During the medieval period, Tiro's notation system was taught in European monasteries and expanded to a total of about 13,000 signs. The use of Tironian notes declined after 1100 but lasted into the 17th century. A few Tironian signs are still used today. Note on sign counts Tironian notes can be themselves composites (ligatures) of simpler Tironian notes, the resulting compound being still shorter than the word it replaces. This accounts in part for the large number of attested Tironian notes, and for the wide variation in estimates of the total number of Tironian notes. Further, the "same" sign can have ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Classical Abbreviations
The following list contains a selection from the Latin abbreviations that occur in the writings and inscriptions of the Romans. A *A. – ''Absolvo, Actum, Aedilis, Aes, Aedilis, Ager, Ago, Aio, Amicus, Annus, Antiquo, Auctor, Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aurum, Aut.'' *A.A. – ''Aes alienum, Ante audita, Apud agrum, Aurum argentum.'' *AA. – ''Augusti duo.'' *AAA. – ''Augusti tres.'' *A.A.A.F.F. – ''Auro argento aere flando feriundo.'' or ''Aere Argento Auro Flando Feriundo.'' *A.A.V. – '. *A.C. – ''Acta causa, Alius civis.'' *A.D. – ''Ante diem'' *A.D.V. – ''Ante diem quintum.'' *A.D.A. – ''Ad dandos agros.'' *AEO. – ''Aedes, Aedilis, Aedilitas.'' *AEM., AIM. – ''Aemilius, Aemilia.'' *AER. – ''Aerarium.'' *AER.P. – ''Aere publico.'' *A.F. – ''Acture fide, Auli filius.'' *AG. – ''Ager, Ago, Agrippa.'' *A.G. – ''Agens gratias, Amico grato, Animo grato, Anno gratiae, Aulus Gellius.'' *A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Medieval Abbreviations
Examples of sigla in use in the Middle Ages: A *ā—''annus'' or ''aut.'' *á—''aut''. *Ắ—'' Antiphona''. *a'—'' antiphona'' or ''autem''. *a.—''annus''. *A.—''Accursius'' or ''Albericus''. *A:—''Amen''. *ab.—'' Abbas''. *abbāssa—''Abbatissa''. *abd.—'' Abdiæ''. *ābl'a—''ambula''. *abl'o—''ablatio''. *ābl'o—''ambulatio''. *abl'om—''ablationem''. *abłtm—'' ablativum''. *abłto—'' ablativo''. *abñia—''absentia''. *absol'em—''absolutionem''. *abst°—'' abstractio''. *absʒ—''absque''. *A·B·T·—''Annua...Bima...Trima''. *ābul'oʒ—''ambulationem''. *a.C.—''anno Christi'' or ''ante Christum''. *acciˢ—''accidens''. *acci~—''accipitur''. *accⁿal'r—''accidentaliter''. *Accu—''(De) Accusationibus''. *Accur.—''Accursius''. *a'cls—''æcclesia'' or '' ecclesia.'' *a.C.n.—''ante Christum natum''. *ac°—''actio''. *act'.—'' Actus (Apostolorum)''. *actā—''activa''. *actˡ'ʳ—''actualiter''. *A.D.— ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbreviations
An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbreviation'' can itself be represented by the abbreviation ''abbr.'', ''abbrv.'', or ''abbrev.''; ''NPO'', for nil (or nothing) per (by) os (mouth) is an abbreviated medical instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters representing words in another language (for example, e.g., i.e. or RSVP). Some types of abbreviations are acronyms (some pronounceable, some initialisms) or grammatical contractions or crasis. An abbreviation is a shortening by any of these or other methods. Different types of abbreviation Acronyms, initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and all four are connected by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. A initialism is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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