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Braconid Wasps
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include '' Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', ''Apanteles'', '' Asobara'', '' Bracon'', '' Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', '' Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', '' Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', '' Opius'', '' Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and '' Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microgaster
''Microgaster'' is a genus of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae. There are more than 100 described species in ''Microgaster'', found throughout most of the world. See also * List of Microgaster species These 104 species belong to the genus ''Microgaster'', braconid wasps. ''Microgaster'' species * '' Microgaster acilius'' Nixon, 1968 * '' Microgaster albomarginata'' Fahringer, 1935 * '' Microgaster alebion'' Nixon, 1968 * '' Microgaster archb ... References Further reading * * * * Microgastrinae {{ichneumonoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amicrocentrinae
The Amicrocentrinae are a subfamily of braconid Parasitic wasp, parasitoid wasps. Members of this subfamily were previously included in the Macrocentrinae. Description and distribution Amicrocentrinae are relatively large yellow or brown non-cyclostome braconids. This subfamily is found in Madagascar and continental Africa. Biology Some species within Amicrocentrinae are known to be parasitoids of large Caterpillar, caterpillars which bore into plant stalks. References External links DNA barcodes at BOLD systems {{Ichneumonoidea-stub Braconidae Hymenoptera subfamilies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alysiinae
The Alysiinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps with over 1000 described species. Several species have been used in biocontrol programs. They are closely related to the Opiinae. Description and distribution Alysiinae are small wasps, usually under 5 mm long and black or brown in color. Their mandibles are exodont, opening outwards and not overlapping. This characteristic is essentially unique among braconids, with only a few rare exceptions (e.g., the genus '' Exodontiella'' in the subfamily Gnamptodontinae). Alysiinae are found worldwide. Biology Alysiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Cyclorrhapha Diptera. Females oviposit into host eggs or larvae. The host is allowed to develop until it forms a puparium, at which point it is killed by the wasp larva. The Alysiinae larva then pupates within the host puparium. Adults use their exodont mandibles to break free of the tough host puparium. Most species of Alysiinae are solitary, but a few are gregarious and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agathidinae
Agathidinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used in biological control programs. Description and distribution Agathidines are among the larger and more colorful braconids. Diurnal members of this subfamily often possess aposematic coloration. They belong to the noncyclostome group. They are found worldwide, but are more diverse in the tropics. Biology All Agathidinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. Most attack concealed caterpillars, such as those that use silk to tie leaves together. Most are solitary, laying only one egg in each host caterpillar. Some species are nocturnal, with pale coloration and large ocelli. Genera Genera placed here include: * '' Agathirsia'' * '' Agathis'' * ''Aerophilus'' * '' Alabagrus'' * '' Amputoearinus'' * '' Aneurobracon'' (formerly in Orgilinae) * '' Austroearinus'' * '' Bassus'' (polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acampsohelconinae
The Acampsohelconinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Extant members of this subfamily were previously included in the Helconinae, Blacinae, or Sigalphinae. The four genera included are †'' Acampsohelcon'', '' Afrocampsis'', '' Canalicephalus'', and '' Urosigalphus''. Description and distribution Acampsohelconinae are non- cyclostome braconids with a carapace covering the metasoma. The outer hind tarsal claw This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids. Links within the glossary are shown . Terms A Abdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts ...s are modified and much larger than the midtarsal claws. ''Canalicephalus'' has an Indo-Australian distribution, ''Afrocampsis'' has an Afrotropical distribution, and ''Urosigalphus'' is found mostly in the New World with one species found in Japan. Biology Hosts and habits of most Acampsohelconinae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clypeus (arthropod Anatomy)
The clypeus is one of the sclerites that make up the face of an arthropod. In insects, the clypeus delimits the lower margin of the face, with the labrum articulated along the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles bracket the labrum, but do not touch the clypeus. The dorsal margin of the clypeus is below the antennal sockets. The clypeus is often well-defined by sulci ("grooves") along its lateral and dorsal margins, and is most commonly rectangular or trapezoidal in overall shape. The post-clypeus is a large nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up much of the front of the head in cicadas. In spiders, the clypeus is generally the area between the anterior edge of the carapace A carapace is a Dorsum (biology), dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tor ... and the anterior eyes. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labrum (arthropod Mouthpart)
The labrum is a flap-like structure that lies immediately in front of the mouth in almost all extant Euarthropoda. The most conspicuous exceptions are the Pycnogonida, which probably are chelicerate-relatives. In entomology, the labrum amounts to the "upper lip" of an insect mouth, the corresponding "lower lip" being the labium. The evolutionary origin, embryogenesis and morphological development of the labrum have proved to be by far the most controversial and challenging topic in the study of arthropod head structures. Embryonic nature and origin of the labrum The labrum is innervated in crustaceans and insects from the tritocerebrum (the back of the brain). However, in development, its embryonic primordium often appears at the anterior of the head and migrates backwards towards its adult position. Furthermore, it often appears as a bilobed structure, with a set of muscles, nerves and gene expression in many ways similar to that of an appendage. This evidence has been use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syntretus
''Syntretus'' is a genus of parasitic wasps of adult bumblebees. References * Achterberg, C., van; Haeselbarth, E. 2003: Revision of the genus Syntretus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) from Europe. Zoologische mededelingen, 77, pages 9–78. * Gloag, R.; Shaw, S.R.; Burwell, C. 2009: A new species of Syntretus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae), a parasitoid of the stingless bee Trigona carbonaria Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). Australian journal of entomology, 48, pages 8–14, Euphorinae Braconidae genera {{Ichneumonoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spathius
''Spathius'' is a genus of doryctine wasps. The larvae of this genus of wasps feed on beetle larvae. They act as controllers of the parasitic ''Hylurgopinus rufipes ''Hylurgopinus rufipes'', known as the native elm bark beetle, is a species of elm bark beetles in the tribe Hylesinini (crenulate bark beetles). It is found in Canada and the United States. It is of particular importance as a vector of Dutch el ...''. References * Belokobylskij, S.A.; Austin, A.D. 2013: New species of flightless doryctine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Australia and New Zealand. Australian journal of entomology, 52(4), pages 338–355, * Belokobylskij & Maeto 2009: Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Japan. Volume 1. Natura optima dux Foundation, Warszawa, 2009, pages 1–806 * Belokobylskij, S.A.; Samartsev, K.G. 2014: Palaearctic species of the Spathius exarator species group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) with entirely sculptured mesopleuron. Zootaxa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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