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Biting Midges
Ceratopogonidae is a family of flies commonly known as no-see-ums, or biting midges, generally in length. The family includes more than 5,000 species, distributed worldwide, apart from the Antarctic and the Arctic. Ceratopogonidae are holometabolous, meaning their development includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago or adult. Most common species in warmer climates will take about two to six weeks to complete a life cycle. Both adult males and females feed on nectar. Most females also feed on the blood of vertebrates, including humans, to get protein for egg-laying. Their bites are painful, and can cause intensely itchy lesions. Their mouthparts are well-developed for cutting the skin of their hosts. Some species prey on other insects. Larvae need moisture to develop, but also air and food. They are not strictly aquatic or terrestrial. Some species within the biting midges are thought to be predatory on other small insects. Particularly mosquito larvae have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culicoides Sonorensis
''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFAS. August 2013 Edition. which is divided into many subgenera. Several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals. Like '' Leptoconops'', the genus has a long fossil record, with earliest known fossils being from Burmese amber, around 99 million years old. Notable taxa The systematics and taxonomy of this genus are confused. A large number of species are of unknown relations to those that have been assigned to subgenera already. Furthermore, many subgenera are sometimes elevated to full genus status, or additional genera (such as '' Paradasyhelea'') are included as subgenera herein. A widely cited, periodically updated, subgeneric classification of species of ''Culicoides'' begins with the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culicoides
''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFAS. August 2013 Edition. which is divided into many subgenera. Several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals. Like ''Leptoconops'', the genus has a long fossil record, with earliest known fossils being from Burmese amber, around 99 million years old. Notable taxa The systematics and taxonomy of this genus are confused. A large number of species are of unknown relations to those that have been assigned to subgenera already. Furthermore, many subgenera are sometimes elevated to full genus status, or additional genera (such as '' Paradasyhelea'') are included as subgenera herein. A widely cited, periodically updated, subgeneric classification of species of ''Culicoides'' begins with the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptoconops Torrens
''Leptoconops torrens'' (commonly known as the biting midge fly) is a species of small biting flies in the no-see-um family Ceratopogonidae. They were first mentioned in writing by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend in 1893. The name ''Leptoconops carteri'' is a junior synonym of ''L. torrens.'' They are prevalent in the southwestern and southeastern areas of the United States. In early stages of life, ''L. torrens'' flies dwell in soil, then emerge to feed and breed as fully developed adults. ''L. torrens'' females rely on blood meals from vertebrates for nutrition, while males feed on various plant products such as nectar. ''L. torrens'' infestations in California have caused people to take measures to control their populations. The flies are relatively small at around long and are difficult to spot, making preventing ''L. torrens'' bites difficult. Construction projects and farming efforts have been temporarily suspended because of ''L. torrens'' biting activity. Description L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icaridin
Icaridin, also known as picaridin, is an insect repellent which can be used directly on skin or clothing. It has broad efficacy against various arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, gnats, flies and fleas, and is almost colorless and odorless. A study performed in 2010 showed that picaridin spray and cream at the 20% concentration provided 12 hours of protection against ticks. Icaridin does not dissolve plastics, synthetics or sealants. The name ''picaridin'' was proposed as an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) to the World Health Organization (WHO), but the official name that has been approved by the WHO is ''icaridin''. The chemical is part of the piperidine family, along with many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids such as piperine, which gives black pepper its spicy taste. Trade names include Bayrepel and Saltidin among others. The compound was developed by the German chemical company Bayer and was given the name ''Bayrepel''. In 2005, Lanxess AG and its subsidiary Saltigo G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eucalyptus
''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as eucalypts. Plants in the genus ''Eucalyptus'' have bark that is either smooth, fibrous, hard or stringy, leaves with oil glands, and sepals and petals that are fused to form a "cap" or operculum over the stamens. The fruit is a woody capsule commonly referred to as a "gumnut". Most species of ''Eucalyptus'' are native to Australia, and every state and territory has representative species. About three-quarters of Australian forests are eucalypt forests. Wildfire is a feature of the Australian landscape and many eucalypt species are adapted to fire, and resprout after fire or have seeds which survive fire. A few species are native to islands north of Australia and a smaller number are only found outside the continent. Eucalypts have been grow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DEET
''N'',''N''-Diethyl-''meta''-toluamide, also called DEET () or diethyltoluamide, is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It is a slightly yellow oil intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing and provides protection against mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas, chiggers, leeches and many biting insects. History DEET was developed in 1944 by Samuel Gertler of the United States Department of Agriculture for use by the United States Army, following its experience of jungle warfare during World War II. It was originally tested as a pesticide on farm fields, and entered military use in 1946 and civilian use in 1957. It was used in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. In its original form, known as "bug juice", the application solution was composed of 75% DEET and 25% ethanol. Later, a new version of the repellent was developed by the U.S. Army and the USDA. This formulation consisted of DEET and a mixture of polymers that extended its release and reduced its evaporation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. It is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.04% by volume (as of May 2022), having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of these increased CO2 concentrations and also the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for policy makersiClimate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arbovirus
Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The term ''arbovirus'' is a portmanteau word (''ar''thropod-''bo''rne ''virus''). ''Tibovirus'' (''ti''ck-''bo''rne ''virus'') is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods. Arboviruses can affect both animals (including humans) and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and viral hemorrhagic fever may also occur. Signs and symptoms The incubation period – the time between when infection occurs and when symptoms appear – varies from virus to virus, but is usually limited between 2 and 15 days for arboviruses. The majority of infections, however, are asymptomatic. Among cases in which symptoms do appear, symptoms tend to be non-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a hemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus'') caused by an infection of a virus from the genus ''Orbivirus'' subsequently called ''Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus'' (EHDV). It is an infectious, and sometimes fatal, virus that is characterized by extensive hemorrhages, and is found throughout the United States. Large-scale outbreaks in wild ruminants affect livestock and the production industry. EHD has been found in some domestic ruminants and many species of deer including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and pronghorn antelope.Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2006. Diseases Caused by the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serogroup. Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/epizootic_hemorrhagic_disease.pdf Seropositive black-tailed deer, fallow deer, red deer, wapiti, and roe deer have also been found, which essentially means that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Horse Sickness
African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by ''African horse sickness virus''. It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by a virus of the genus ''Orbivirus'' belonging to the family ''Reoviridae''. This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. AHS is not directly contagious, but is known to be spread by insect vectors. Epidemiology AHS virus was first recorded south of the Sahara Desert in the mid-1600s, with the introduction of horses to southern Africa. The virus is considered endemic to the equatorial, eastern, and southern regions of Africa. Several outbreaks have occurred in the Equidae throughout Africa and elsewhere. AHS is known to be endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread to Morocco, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan. More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the Iberian Peninsula and Thailand. AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia, or Australasia. Epidemi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bluetongue Disease
Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by ''Bluetongue virus'' (''BTV''). The virus is transmitted by the midges ''Culicoides imicola'', ''Culicoides variipennis'', and other culicoids. Signs In sheep, BTV causes an acute disease with high morbidity and mortality. BTV also infects goats, cattle, and other domestic animals, as well as wild ruminants (for example, blesbuck, white-tailed deer, elk, and pronghorn antelope). Major signs are high fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue, and cyanosis of the tongue. Swelling of the lips and tongue gives the tongue its typical blue appearance, though this sign is confined to a minority of the animals. Nasal signs may be prominent, with nasal discharge and stertorous respiration. Some animals also develop foot lesions, beginning with coronitis, with conseque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mansonella
''Mansonella'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes. It includes three species that are responsible for the disease mansonelliasis: ''Mansonella ozzardi'', ''M. perstans'', and ''M. streptocerca''. Species There are nine species: * '' Mansonella barbascalensis'' * '' Mansonella llewellyni'' Price, 1962 * '' Mansonella longicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella ozzardi'' Manson, 1897 – parasite of humans in Central and South America * ''Mansonella perstans'' Manson, 1891 – parasite of humans and primates in Africa and South America * '' Mansonella rodhaini'' * '' Mansonella rotundicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella semiclarum'' Fain, 1974 * ''Mansonella streptocerca ''Mansonella streptocerca'', (formerly ''Diptalonema streptocerca''), is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) causing the disease streptocerciasis. It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where ...'' – pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
