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Bracovirus
''Bracovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Polydnaviridae''. Bracoviruses are an ancient symbiotic virus contained in parasitic braconid wasps that evolved off of the ''nudivirus'' about 190 million years ago and has been evolving at least 100 million years. It is one of two genera belonging to the ''Polydnaviridae'' family, ''Ichnovirus'' being the other genus. There are 32 species in this genus. Symbiosis Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies Microgastrinae, Miracinae, Cheloninae, Cardiochilinae, Khoikhoiinae, and Mendesellinae are the natural hosts for ''Bracoviruses'', though the virus does not cause disease in these wasps. Instead, the wasps are themselves parasites of lepidoptera. The wasp injects one or more eggs into its lepidoptera host along with a quantity of virus. The virus does not replicate inside the wasp's host, but expression of viral genes prevents its immune system from killing the wasp's egg and causes other physiological alterations that ultimately ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polydnaviridae
A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family ''Polydnaviridae'' of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: ''Bracovirus'' and ''Ichnovirus''. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps; (ichnoviruses (IV) occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses (BV) in braconid wasps). The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time. Taxonomy The genus contains the following genera: * ''Bracovirus'' * ''Ichnovirus'' Structure Viruses in ''Polydnaviridae'' are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, composed of multiple segments of double-stranded, superhelical DNA packaged in capsid proteins. They ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic rank, superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described species of living organisms. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most wikt:speciose, speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, fly, Diptera, and beetle, Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scale (anatomy), scales that cover the torso, bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material, i.e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia Hyphantriae Bracovirus
''Cotesia'' is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. ''Cotesia congregata'' parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. '' C. glomerata'' and '' C. rubecula'' feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. '' C. gonopterygis'' and '' C. risilis'' are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.Lozan, Aurel; Spitzer, Karel; Jaroš, Josef (2012-06-01)"Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts" ''Journal of Insect Conservation''. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSNbr>1366-638X doibr>10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4 The wasp '' C. melanoscelus'' parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and ''C. melanoscelus'' has been imported as a biocontrol of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia Glomerata Bracovirus
''Cotesia'' is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. ''Cotesia congregata'' parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. '' C. glomerata'' and '' C. rubecula'' feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. '' C. gonopterygis'' and '' C. risilis'' are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.Lozan, Aurel; Spitzer, Karel; Jaroš, Josef (2012-06-01)"Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts" ''Journal of Insect Conservation''. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSNbr>1366-638X doibr>10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4 The wasp '' C. melanoscelus'' parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and ''C. melanoscelus'' has been imported as a biocontrol of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia Flavipes Bracovirus
''Cotesia'' is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. ''Cotesia congregata'' parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. '' C. glomerata'' and '' C. rubecula'' feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. '' C. gonopterygis'' and '' C. risilis'' are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.Lozan, Aurel; Spitzer, Karel; Jaroš, Josef (2012-06-01)"Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts" ''Journal of Insect Conservation''. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSNbr>1366-638X doibr>10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4 The wasp '' C. melanoscelus'' parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and ''C. melanoscelus'' has been imported as a biocontrol of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia Congregata Bracovirus
''Cotesia'' is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. ''Cotesia congregata'' parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. '' C. glomerata'' and '' C. rubecula'' feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. '' C. gonopterygis'' and '' C. risilis'' are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.Lozan, Aurel; Spitzer, Karel; Jaroš, Josef (2012-06-01)"Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts" ''Journal of Insect Conservation''. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSNbr>1366-638X doibr>10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4 The wasp '' C. melanoscelus'' parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and ''C. melanoscelus'' has been imported as a biocontrol of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Texanus Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * '' Chelonus abditus'' * '' Chelonus abductor'' * '' Chelonus aberrans'' * '' Chelonus abnormalis'' * '' Chelonus absonus'' * '' Chelonus abstrusus'' * '' Chelonus aciculatus'' * '' Chelonus aculeatus'' * '' Chelonus acuminatus'' * '' Chelonus acutigaster'' * '' Chelonus acutiusculus'' * '' Chelonus acutulus'' * '' Chelonus adjunctus'' * '' Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * '' Chelonus agilis'' * '' Chelonus ahngeri'' * '' Chelonus akmolensis'' * '' Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * ''Chelonus alter'' * '' Chelonus alternator'' * '' Chelonus alticinctus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Near Curvimaculatus Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * '' Chelonus abditus'' * '' Chelonus abductor'' * '' Chelonus aberrans'' * '' Chelonus abnormalis'' * '' Chelonus absonus'' * '' Chelonus abstrusus'' * '' Chelonus aciculatus'' * '' Chelonus aculeatus'' * '' Chelonus acuminatus'' * '' Chelonus acutigaster'' * '' Chelonus acutiusculus'' * '' Chelonus acutulus'' * '' Chelonus adjunctus'' * '' Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * '' Chelonus agilis'' * '' Chelonus ahngeri'' * '' Chelonus akmolensis'' * '' Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * ''Chelonus alter ''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Chel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Insularis Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * '' Chelonus abditus'' * '' Chelonus abductor'' * '' Chelonus aberrans'' * '' Chelonus abnormalis'' * '' Chelonus absonus'' * '' Chelonus abstrusus'' * '' Chelonus aciculatus'' * '' Chelonus aculeatus'' * '' Chelonus acuminatus'' * '' Chelonus acutigaster'' * '' Chelonus acutiusculus'' * '' Chelonus acutulus'' * '' Chelonus adjunctus'' * '' Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * '' Chelonus agilis'' * '' Chelonus ahngeri'' * '' Chelonus akmolensis'' * '' Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * ''Chelonus alter'' * '' Chelonus alternator'' * '' Chelonus alticinctus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Inanitus Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * '' Chelonus abditus'' * '' Chelonus abductor'' * '' Chelonus aberrans'' * '' Chelonus abnormalis'' * '' Chelonus absonus'' * '' Chelonus abstrusus'' * '' Chelonus aciculatus'' * '' Chelonus aculeatus'' * '' Chelonus acuminatus'' * '' Chelonus acutigaster'' * '' Chelonus acutiusculus'' * '' Chelonus acutulus'' * '' Chelonus adjunctus'' * '' Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * '' Chelonus agilis'' * '' Chelonus ahngeri'' * '' Chelonus akmolensis'' * '' Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * ''Chelonus alter'' * '' Chelonus alternator'' * '' Chelonus alticinctus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelonus Blackburni Bracovirus
''Chelonus'' is a wasp genus in the subfamily Cheloninae. Their larvae feed chiefly on larvae of moths in superfamilies Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea.Shaw, S.R. 1997. Subfamily Cheloninae. Species * '' Chelonus abditus'' * '' Chelonus abductor'' * '' Chelonus aberrans'' * '' Chelonus abnormalis'' * '' Chelonus absonus'' * '' Chelonus abstrusus'' * '' Chelonus aciculatus'' * '' Chelonus aculeatus'' * '' Chelonus acuminatus'' * '' Chelonus acutigaster'' * '' Chelonus acutiusculus'' * '' Chelonus acutulus'' * '' Chelonus adjunctus'' * '' Chelonus aelleniae'' * ''Chelonus agathis'' * '' Chelonus agilis'' * '' Chelonus ahngeri'' * '' Chelonus akmolensis'' * '' Chelonus alaicus'' * '' Chelonus albicinctus'' * '' Chelonus albofasciatus'' * '' Chelonus albomacula'' * '' Chelonus albor'' * '' Chelonus alexeevi'' * '' Chelonus algiricus'' * '' Chelonus aligarhensis'' * '' Chelonus alius'' * ''Chelonus alpinus'' * ''Chelonus alter'' * '' Chelonus alternator'' * '' Chelonus alticinctus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
