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Blinding (cryptography)
In cryptography, blinding first became known in the context of blind signatures, where the message author ''blinds'' the message with a random ''blinding factor'', the signer then signs it and the message author "''unblinds"'' it'';'' signer and message author are different parties. Since the late 1990s, blinding mostly refer to countermeasures against side-channel attacks on encryption devices, where the random ''blinding'' and the "''unblinding"'' happen on the encryption devices. Blinding must be applied with care, for example Rabin–Williams signatures. If blinding is applied to the formatted message but the random value does not honor Jacobi requirements on ''p'' and ''q'', then it could lead to private key recovery. A demonstration of the recovery can be seen in "Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures" discovered by Evgeny Sidorov. The one-time pad (OTP) is an application of blinding to the secure communication problem, by its very nature. Alice would like to send a message ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing Communication protocol, protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (confidentiality, data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, Smart card#EMV, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, password, computer passwords, and military communications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blind Signatures
Blind often refers to: * The state of blindness, being unable to see * A window blind, a covering for a window Blind may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Blind'' (1987 film), a documentary by Frederick Wiseman about the Alabama Institute for Deaf and Blind * ''Blind'' (2007 film), a Dutch drama by Tamar van den Dop * ''Blind'' (2011 film), a South Korean crime thriller * ''Blind'' (2014 film), a Norwegian drama * ''Blind'' (2016 film), an American drama * ''Blind'' (2019 film), an American horror film * ''Blind'' (2023 film), an Indian crime thriller, based on 2011 South Korean film of the same name * ''The Blind'' (film), a 2023 American biographical film about Phil Robertson, directed by Andrew Hyatt Music * Blind (band), Estonian rock group founded in 1994, originally Totally Blind Drunk Drivers * Blind (band), Australian Christian rock group founded in 1999 * Blind (rapper), Italian rapper Albums and EPs * ''Blind'' (Corrosion of Conf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Side-channel Attacks
In computer security, a side-channel attack is a type of security exploit that leverages information inadvertently leaked by a system—such as timing, power consumption, or electromagnetic or acoustic emissions—to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. These attacks differ from those targeting flaws in the design of cryptography, cryptographic computer protocol, protocols or algorithm, algorithms. (Cryptanalysis may identify vulnerabilities relevant to both types of attacks). Some side-channel attacks require technical knowledge of the internal operation of the system, others such as differential power analysis are effective as Black-box testing, black-box attacks. The rise of Web 2.0 applications and software-as-a-service has also significantly raised the possibility of side-channel attacks on the web, even when transmissions between a web browser and server are encrypted (e.g. through HTTPS or WiFi encryption), according to researchers from Microsoft Research and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rabin Cryptosystem
The Rabin cryptosystem is a family of public-key encryption schemes based on a trapdoor function whose security, like that of RSA, is related to the difficulty of integer factorization. The Rabin trapdoor function has the advantage that inverting it has been mathematically proven to be as hard as factoring integers, while there is no such proof known for the RSA trapdoor function. It has the disadvantage that each output of the Rabin function can be generated by any of four possible inputs; if each output is a ciphertext, extra complexity is required on decryption to identify which of the four possible inputs was the true plaintext. Naive attempts to work around this often either enable a chosen-ciphertext attack to recover the secret key or, by encoding redundancy in the plaintext space, invalidate the proof of security relative to factoring. Public-key encryption schemes based on the Rabin trapdoor function are used mainly for examples in textbooks. In contrast, RSA is the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-time Pad
The one-time pad (OTP) is an encryption technique that cannot be Cryptanalysis, cracked in cryptography. It requires the use of a single-use pre-shared key that is larger than or equal to the size of the message being sent. In this technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret Key (cryptography), key (also referred to as a ''one-time pad''). Then, each bit or character of the plaintext is encrypted by combining it with the corresponding bit or character from the pad using Modular arithmetic, modular addition. The resulting ciphertext is impossible to decrypt or break if the following four conditions are met: # The key must be at least as long as the plaintext. # The key must be True random, truly random. # The key must never be reused in whole or in part. # The key must be kept completely secret by the communicating parties. These requirements make the OTP the only known encryption system that is mathematically proven to be unbreakable under the principles of informat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exclusive Disjunction
Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or Logical_equality#Inequality, logical inequality is a Logical connective, logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true inputs is Parity (mathematics), odd. It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true. XOR ''excludes'' that case. Some informal ways of describing XOR are "one or the other but not both", "either one or the other", and "A or B, but not A and B". It is Table of logic symbols, symbolized by the prefix operator J Translated as and by the infix operators XOR (, , or ), EOR, EXOR, \dot, \overline, \underline, ⩛, \oplus, \nleftrightarrow, and \not\equiv. Definition The truth table of A\nleftrightarrow B shows that it outputs true whenever the inpu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Side-channel Attack
In computer security, a side-channel attack is a type of security exploit that leverages information inadvertently leaked by a system—such as timing, power consumption, or electromagnetic or acoustic emissions—to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. These attacks differ from those targeting flaws in the design of cryptographic protocols or algorithms. (Cryptanalysis may identify vulnerabilities relevant to both types of attacks). Some side-channel attacks require technical knowledge of the internal operation of the system, others such as differential power analysis are effective as black-box attacks. The rise of Web 2.0 applications and software-as-a-service has also significantly raised the possibility of side-channel attacks on the web, even when transmissions between a web browser and server are encrypted (e.g. through HTTPS or WiFi encryption), according to researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University. Attempts to break a cryptosystem by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asymmetric Key Encryption Algorithm
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of public-key cryptography depends on keeping the private key secret; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security. There are many kinds of public-key cryptosystems, with different security goals, including digital signature, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, public-key key encapsulation, and public-key encryption. Public key algorithms are fundamental security primitives in modern cryptosystems, including applications and protocols that offer assurance of the confidentiality and authenticity of electronic communications and data storage. They underpin numerous Internet standards, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS), SSH, S/MIME, and P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RSA (algorithm)
The RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) cryptosystem is a public-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest widely used for secure data transmission. The initialism "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly in 1973 at Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British signals intelligence agency, by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997. In a public-key cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and distinct from the decryption key, which is kept secret (private). An RSA user creates and publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers are kept secret. Messages can be encrypted by anyone via the public key, but can only be decrypted by someone who knows the private key. The security of RSA relies on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Relatively Prime
In number theory, two integers and are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides does not divide , and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also ''is prime to'' or ''is coprime with'' . The numbers 8 and 9 are coprime, despite the fact that neither—considered individually—is a prime number, since 1 is their only common divisor. On the other hand, 6 and 9 are not coprime, because they are both divisible by 3. The numerator and denominator of a reduced fraction are coprime, by definition. Notation and testing When the integers and are coprime, the standard way of expressing this fact in mathematical notation is to indicate that their greatest common divisor is one, by the formula or . In their 1989 textbook '' Concrete Mathematics'', Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and Oren Patashnik proposed an alter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
