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Alpha-Ketovaleric Acid
α-Ketovaleric acid is a keto acid that is found in human blood. Unlike related keto acids, it is not an intermediate or metabolite associated with amino acids and its origin is unknown. See also * α-Ketoisovaleric acid * 3-Oxopentanoic acid (β-ketovaleric acid) * Levulinic acid Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cel ... (γ-ketovaleric acid) References Alpha-keto acids {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keto Acid
In organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group () and a ketone group ().Franz Dietrich Klingler, Wolfgang Ebertz "Oxocarboxylic Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. In several cases, the keto group is hydrated. The alpha-keto acids are especially important in biology as they are involved in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in glycolysis. Common types of keto acids include: *Alpha-keto acids, alpha-ketoacids, or 2-oxoacids have the keto group adjacent to the carboxylic acid. They often arise by oxidative deamination of amino acids, and reciprocally, they are precursors to the same. Alpha-keto acids possesses extensive chemistry as acylation agents. Furthermore, alpha-keto acids such as phenylpyruvic acid are endogenous sources for carbon monoxide (as a gasotransmitter) and pharmaceutical prodrug scaffold. Important representatives: ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-Ketoisovaleric Acid
α-Ketoisovaleric acid is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHC(O)CO2H. It is a ketoacid. With a melting point just above room temperature, it is usually an oil or semi-solid. The compound is colorless. It is a metabolite of valine and a precursor to pantothenic acid, a prosthetic group found in several cofactors. In the biological context, is usually encountered as its conjugate base ketoisovalerate, (CH3)2CHC(O)CO2−. Synthesis and reactions α-Ketoisovalerate undergoes hydroxymethylation to give ketopantoate: :(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2− + CH2O → HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2− This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase. Like many α-ketoacids, α-ketoisovaleric acid is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde: :(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2H → (CH3)2CHCHO + CO2 Genetic engineering has been used to produce the biofuel isobutanol Isobutanol (IUPAC nomenclature: 2-methylpropan-1-ol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2OH (sometimes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-Oxopentanoic Acid
3-Oxopentanoic acid, or ''beta''-ketopentanoate, is a 5-carbon ketone body. It is made from odd carbon fatty acids in the liver and rapidly enters the brain. As opposed to 4-carbon ketone bodies, ''beta''-ketopentanoate is anaplerotic reactions, anaplerotic, meaning it can refill the pool of TCA cycle intermediates. The triglyceride triheptanoin is used clinically to produce ''beta''-ketopentanoate.Reprint/ref> References {{DEFAULTSORT:Oxopentanoic acid, 3- Beta-keto acids Carboxylic acids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levulinic Acid
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate. Synthesis Levulinic acid was first prepared in 1840 by Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder by heating fructose with hydrochloric acid. The first commercial production of levulinic acid began as a batchwise process in an autoclave by starch manufacturer A. E. Staley in the 1940s. In 1953 Quaker Oats developed a continuous process for the production of levulinic acid. In 1956 it was identified as a platform chemical with high potential. and in 2004 the US Department of Energy (U.S. DoE) identified levulinic acid as one of the 12 potential platform chemicals in the biorefinery concept. The synthesis of levulinic acid from hexoses (glucose, fructose) or starch in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
