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Alnager
Alnage, or aulnage (from Old French ''aune'', ell; parallel to " yardage") was the official supervision of the shape and quality of manufactured woolen cloth. Origins The alnage was first ordered in 1196, during the reign of Richard I, that "woollen cloths, wherever they are made, shall be of the same width, to wit, of two ells within the lists, and of the same goodness in the middle and sides." This ordinance is usually known as the Assize of Measures or the Assize of Cloth. Article 35 of Magna Carta re-enacted the Assize of Cloth, and in the reign of Edward I an official called an "alnager" or "aulnager" was appointed to enforce it. His duty was to measure each piece of cloth, and to affix a stamp to show that it was of the necessary size and quality. This cites: * W. J. Ashley, ''Economic History'' * W. Cunningham, ''Growth of English Industry and Commerce'' If faulty, the cloth was forfeit to the crown.S H Steinberg ed., ''A New Dictionary of British History'' (London 1963) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old French
Old French (, , ; Modern French: ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. Rather than a unified language, Old French was a linkage of Romance dialects, mutually intelligible yet diverse, spoken in the northern half of France. These dialects came to be collectively known as the , contrasting with the in the south of France. The mid-14th century witnessed the emergence of Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance in the Île de France region; this dialect was a predecessor to Modern French. Other dialects of Old French evolved themselves into modern forms (Poitevin-Saintongeais, Gallo, Norman, Picard, Walloon, etc.), each with its own linguistic features and history. The region where Old French was spoken natively roughly extended to the northern half of the Kingdom of France and its vassals (including parts of the Angevin Empire, which during the 12th century remained under Anglo-Norman rul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elizabeth I Of England
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England and List of Irish monarchs, Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed when Elizabeth was two years old. Anne's marriage to Henry was annulled, and Elizabeth was for a time declared Royal bastard, illegitimate. Her half-brother Edward VI ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Church, Catholic Mary I of England, Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of Third Succession Act, statute law to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant reb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statute Of The Staple
The Ordinance of the Staple was an ordinance issued in the Great Council in October 1353. It aimed to regularise the status of staple ports in England, Wales, and Ireland. In particular, it designated particular ports where specific goods could be exported or imported. These were called the 'staple ports'. It also established dedicated courts, known as the courts of staple, where disputes relating to commercial matters could be heard, in preference to the courts of common law. There were two immediately prior assemblies in August 1352 and July 1353 at which it is thought the matter of Staples was discussed. The scheme for home town staples was vetted by the more parliamentary assembly in September 1353. Royal officials had already been appointed on 10 July 1353 to run the scheme when the parliament of 1354 confirmed the new scheme by that the Act of Parliament. The previous act in 1326 had given the Staple towns legal definition, but the new piece of legislation broadened and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maltolt
Maltolt or "bad tax" (in Norman-French) was the name given to the new taxes on wool in England of 1294–1297. Protests against the maltolt played their part in forcing the confirmation of the charters from the Crown. Origin Edward I of England had been granted a half-mark (6s 8d) customs duty per sack on the export of wool by the Parliament of 1275. War with France in 1294 led to the royal seizure of all wool and leather in the realm, and its release only on a duty of 40 shillings per sack. The old duty quickly became known as the "Ancient Custom", and was contrasted strongly with what G. M. Trevelyan would call "These 'maltoltes' or 'ill takings' of wool". Protests Dislike of the maltolts (which had been repeated in the years 1295–1297) fed into the noble and clerical opposition to the Crown that culminated in the Remonstrances of 1297. "Also the whole community feel that they are oppressed by the tax on wools, which is too heavy, namely at 40 shillings on the sack, and 7 mark ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1699 In England
Events from the year 1699 in England. Incumbents * Monarch – William III * Parliament – 4th of King William III Events * January 19 – Parliament limits the size of the country's standing army to 7,000 "native born" men. The King's Dutch Blue Guards hence cannot serve in the line. By Act of February 1, it also requires disbandment of foreign troops in Ireland. * May 10 – Billingsgate Fish Market in London is sanctioned as a permanent institution by Act of Parliament. * June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Second Partition Treaty for Spain. * June 14 – Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam pump to the Royal Society of London. * October 3 – The ''Liverpool Merchant'', the first slave ship from the port of Liverpool in England, departs to imprison captured West Africans and transport them to the British colonies, arriving in Barbados on September 18, 1700 with 220 slaves. Undated * Castle Howard in Yorkshire, designed by Sir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadcloth
Broadcloth is a dense, plain woven cloth, historically made of wool. The defining characteristic of broadcloth is not its finished width but the fact that it was woven much wider (typically 50 to 75% wider than its finished width) and then heavily milled (traditionally the cloth was worked by heavy wooden trip hammers in hot soapy water) in order to shrink it to the required width. The effect of the milling process is to draw the yarns much closer together than could be achieved in the loom and allow the individual fibres of the wool to bind together in a felting process, which results in a dense, blind face cloth with a stiff drape which is highly weather-resistant, hard wearing and capable of taking a cut edge without the need for being hemmed. The manufacturing process originates from Flanders, the type of cloth was also made in Leiden and several parts of England at the end of the medieval period. The raw material was short staple wool, carded and spun into yarn and then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narrow Cloth
Narrow cloth or narrow-loom cloth is cloth of a comparatively narrow width. Ergonomics historically limited the practical width that can be woven by a single weaver on a handloom; the weaver had to reach both edges of the cloth to throw the shuttle through the shed. Wider widths had to be woven with a person on each side, throwing the shuttle back and forth between them, or, later, with a flying shuttle. Narrow cloth was also a trading term for woolen cloths. Narrow cloths were distinguished in width from broadcloth. The narrow cloths were different types of fabric woven over a relatively narrow loom and therefore had a narrower width. Different sources describe distinctive widths for narrow cloths as a rule width more than two yards was called broadcloth and less than one yard (36 inches), narrow cloth. Narrow cloth was also designated with width less than 29 inches. ''Narrow ware articles'' and ''Narrow ware woven'' were alternate terms of narrow fabrics. Types *Geringsing, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadwoven Cloth
Narrow cloth or narrow-loom cloth is cloth of a comparatively narrow width. Ergonomics historically limited the practical width that can be woven by a single weaver on a handloom; the weaver had to reach both edges of the cloth to throw the shuttle through the shed. Wider widths had to be woven with a person on each side, throwing the shuttle back and forth between them, or, later, with a flying shuttle. Narrow cloth was also a trading term for woolen cloths. Narrow cloths were distinguished in width from broadcloth. The narrow cloths were different types of fabric woven over a relatively narrow loom and therefore had a narrower width. Different sources describe distinctive widths for narrow cloths as a rule width more than two yards was called broadcloth and less than one yard (36 inches), narrow cloth. Narrow cloth was also designated with width less than 29 inches. ''Narrow ware articles'' and ''Narrow ware woven'' were alternate terms of narrow fabrics. Types *Geringsing, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1665 In England
Events from the year 1665 in England. Incumbents * Monarch – Charles II * Parliament – Cavalier Events * 4 March – beginning of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. * 6 March – the ''Philosophical Transactions'' of the Royal Society of London begins publication, the first scientific journal in English and the oldest to be continuously published. * 7 March – HMS ''London'' accidentally explodes in the Thames Estuary killing 300 with only 24 survivors. * March – 15-year-old Nell Gwyn makes her first definitely recorded appearance as an actress on the London stage, in John Dryden's heroic drama '' The Indian Emperour'', having previously been a theatre orange-seller. * 12 April – the first recorded victim of the Great Plague of London dies. Over the summer it is thought to have spread as far as Derby and on 6 September the first plague death takes place in the Derbyshire village of Eyam. * 19 May – Great Fire of Newport, Shropshire. * 3 June (13 June N.S.) – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Cunningham (economist)
William Cunningham (29 December 184910 June 1919) was a Scottish economic historian and Anglican priest. He was a proponent of the historical method in economics and an opponent of free trade. Early life and education Cunningham was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the third son of James Cunningham, Writer to the Signet. Educated at the Edinburgh Institution (taught by Robert McNair Ferguson, amongst others), the Edinburgh Academy, the University of Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Cambridge, he graduated BA in 1873, having gained first-class honours in the Moral Science tripos. Career Cunningham took holy orders in 1873, later serving as chaplain of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1880 to 1891. He was university lecturer in history from 1884 to 1891, in which year he was appointed Tooke Professor of Economy and Statistics at King's College, London, a post which he held until 1897. He was lecturer in economic history at Harvard University (), and Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge (1885 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
