|
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy
Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is an inflammatory retinopathy in the category of white dot syndromes typified by acute loss of one or more zones of outer retinal function associated with photopsia, minimal funduscopic changes and abnormal electroretinography Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors ( rods and cones), inner retinal cells ( bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are placed on the ... findings.Quillen DA, Davis JB, Gottlieb JL, Blodi BA, Callanan DG, Chang TS, et al. The white dot syndromes. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004;137(3):538-50.Carrasco L, Ramos M, Galisteo R, Pisa D, Fresno M, Gonzalez ME. Isolation of Candida famata from a Patient with Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(2):635-40. This retinal disease was first described by Donald Gass in 1992.Hugo R. Salcedo, MD, Koushik Tripathy, MD (AIIMS), FRCS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Dot Syndromes
White dot syndromes are inflammatory diseases characterized by the presence of white dots on the fundus (eye), fundus, the interior surface of the eye. Tewari A, Elliot D. White Dot Syndromes. 2007. Emedicine from WebMD. The majority of individuals affected with white dot syndromes are younger than fifty years of age. Some symptoms include blurred vision and visual field loss.Quillen DA, Davis JB, Gottlieb JL, Blodi BA, Callanan DG, Chang TS, et al. The white dot syndromes. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004;137(3):538-50. There are many theories for the etiology of white dot syndromes including infectious, viral, genetics and autoimmune. Classically recognized white dot syndromes include:Forrester JV, IOIS, Okada AA, BenEzra D. Posterior segment intraocular inflammation: guidelines. 1998:184. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photopsia
Photopsia is the presence of perceived flashes of light in the Visual field, field of vision. It is most commonly associated with: * posterior vitreous detachment * migraine aura (ocular migraine / retinal migraine) * acephalgic migraine, migraine aura without headache * scintillating scotoma * retinal detachment, retinal break or detachment * occipital lobe infarction (similar to stroke, occipital stroke) * sensory deprivation (ophthalmopathic hallucinations) * Macular degeneration, age-related macular degeneration * vertebrobasilar insufficiency * optic neuritis * visual snow syndrome Vitreous shrinkage or liquefaction, which are the most common causes of photopsia, cause a pull in vitreoretinal attachments, irritating the retina and causing it to discharge electrical impulses. These impulses are interpreted by the brain as flashes. This condition has also been identified as a common initial symptom of punctate inner choroiditis (punctate inner choroiditis, PIC), a rare retin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electroretinography
Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors ( rods and cones), inner retinal cells ( bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are placed on the surface of the cornea (DTL silver/nylon fiber string or ERG jet) or on the skin beneath the eye (sensor strips) to measure retinal responses. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) responses are measured with an EOG test with skin-contact electrodes placed near the canthi. During a recording, the patient's eyes are exposed to standardized stimuli and the resulting signal is displayed showing the time course of the signal's amplitude (voltage). Signals are very small, and typically are measured in microvolts or nanovolts. The ERG is composed of electrical potentials contributed by different cell types within the retina, and the stimulus conditions (flash or pattern stimulus, whether a background light is present, and the colors of the stimulus a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autoimmunity
In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". Prominent examples include celiac disease, post-infectious IBS, diabetes mellitus type 1, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), Alopecia Areata and multiple sclerosis (MS). Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids. Autoimmunity means presence of antibodies or T cells that react with self-protein and is present in all individuals, even in normal health state. It causes autoimmune diseases if self-reactivity can lead to tiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
