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Anthracobunid
Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the desmostylians. The family has also thought to be ancestral to the Sirenia. They superficially resemble the Moeritheriidae in both size and cheek tooth morphology, but lack their characteristic tusks. They were relatively small, ranging in size from 1 to 2 m in length. They are known only from fragmentary remains (mainly teeth) from Eocene deposits of the northwestern part of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Recently excavated fossils with well-preserved jaws and teeth demonstrate that these animals were either perissodactyls or else part of a more primitive sister group to the perissodactyls. The anthracobunids were probably amphibious and lived in marshy environments. Analyses of stable isotopes and long bone geometry suggest most anthrac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desmostylia
The Desmostylia (from Greek δεσμά ''desma'', "bundle", and στῦλος ''stylos'', "pillar") are an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) to the late Miocene (Tortonian) (). Desmostylians are the only known extinct order of marine mammals. The Desmostylia, together with Sirenia and Proboscidea (and possibly Embrithopoda), have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria, a group named after the paleoocean Tethys around which they originally evolved. The relationship between the Desmostylia and the other orders within the Tethytheria has been disputed; if the common ancestor of all tethytheres was semiaquatic, the Proboscidea became secondarily terrestrial; alternatively, the Desmostylia and Sirenia could have evolved independently into aquatic mammals. The assignment of Desmostylia to Afrotheria has always been problematic from a biogeographic standpoint, given that Africa was the locus of the early evoluti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perissodactyl
Odd-toed ungulates, mammals which constitute the taxonomic order Perissodactyla (, ), are animals—ungulates—who have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three (rhinoceroses and tapirs, with tapirs still using four toes on the front legs) or one (equines, third toe) of the five original toes. The non-weight-bearing toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, the even-toed ungulates bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as even-toed ungulates, with the exception of Suina, do. The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilgrimella
''Pilgrimella'' is an extinct early Eocene genus of anthracobunid, a group of stem perissodactyls (formerly classified with proboscideans). It was a ground dwelling grazer with massive bilophodont molars (cusps aligned in two transverse ridges.) Dental remains of this animal have been found in Chorlakki, Punjab province, Pakistan, and in the Subathu Formation in North-West India. The genus is considered by some paleontologists as a synonym of ''Anthracobune ''Anthracobune'' ("coal mound") is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene of the Upper Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Punjab, Pakistan. The size of a small tapir, it lived in a marshy environment and fed on soft aquatic plant ...''. References * * Eocene mammals of Asia Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene genus extinctions {{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lammidhania
''Lammidhania'' is an extinct genus of anthracobunids, which lived from the early to middle Eocene period. Its fossil remains were discovered in 1940 in the Chorlakki locality of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the smallest known anthracobunid, and was formerly classified with proboscideans. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) regard most specimens referred to the genus as belonging to '' Anthracobune''. References * N.A. Wells and Philip D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. * Philip D. Gingerich Philip Dean Gingerich (born March 23, 1946) is a paleontologist and educator. He is Professor Emeritus of Geology, Biology, and Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He directed the Museums at the University of Michigan#Museum .... 1977. A small collection of fossil vertebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indobune
''Indobune'' is an extinct genus of ungulate endemic to Asia during the Eocene from 55.8—48.6 Ma, living for approximately . Taxonomy ''Indobune'' was named by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). Its type is '' Indobune vastanensis''. It was assigned to Anthracobunidae by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). However, in a 2014 cladistic analysis it was suggested to more likely be a member of Cambaytheriidae. Fossil distribution Indobune fossil distribution is restricted to Gujarat state, India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ... (Vastan lignite mine). References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6025644 Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene mammals of Asia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakusia
''Nakusia'' is an extinct genus of ungulate from the early Eocene epoch, described in 1999 in the Ghazij formation of Baluchistan, Pakistan. It was classified as an anthracobunid in 1999Ginsburg L.; Durrani, K. H.; Kassi, A. M.; Welcomme J.-L., Discovery of a new Anthracobunidae (Tethytheria, Mammalia) from the Lower Eocene lignite of the Kach-Harnai Area in Baluchistan (Pakistan), Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes (C. r. Acad. sci., Sér. 2, Sci. terre planet.), 1999, vol. 328, no3, pp. 209-213 but was suggested in a 2014 cladistic analysis to be more likely to belong to Quettacyonidae or Cambaytheriidae Cambaytheriidae is a family of primitive four or five-toed ungulates native to the Indian subcontinent. They lived during the Early Eocene epoch and are distinguished by the presence of bunodont teeth suitable for eating tough vegetation. They ar .... References Extinct mammals of Asia Prehistoric odd-toed ung ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthracobune
''Anthracobune'' ("coal mound") is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene of the Upper Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Punjab, Pakistan. The size of a small tapir, it lived in a marshy environment and fed on soft aquatic plants. It is the largest known anthracobunid Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the .... This group was formerly classified with proboscideans. Notes References * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q4773836 Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Paleogene mammals of Asia Prehistoric placental genera Fossil taxa described in 1940 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jozaria
''Jozaria'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the Early to Middle Eocene of the Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan. It and other anthracobunids were formerly classified with proboscideans. Only one specimen belonging to the species ''Jozaria palustris'' has been discovered so far. Geological evidences from the place of discovery indicate that the animal lived in a brackish marsh Brackish marshes develop from salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity. This commonly happens upstream from salt marshes by estuaries of coastal rivers or near the mouths of coastal riv ... environment. It probably fed on soft aquatic vegetation. References * N.A. Wells and P.D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. {{Taxonbar, from=Q111 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obergfellia
''Obergfellia'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene, discovered in 1980. Its known range includes northern India and Pakistan. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) erected the genus using specimens formerly assigned to ''Anthracobune'' and ''Pilgrimella''. It is named in honor of the late married vertebrate paleontologists Friedlinde Obergfell and A. Ranga Rao. The suite of features that distinguish it from other anthracobunids are broad lower molars, short lower m3, and a fairly long angular process of the mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ..., but not as long as in ''Anthracobune''. References Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene mammals of Asia Fossils of India Fossils of Pakistan Fossil taxa desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prehistoric Odd-toed Ungulates
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared 5000 years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted, with writing spreading to almost all cultures by the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at very different times in different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently. In the early Bronze Age, Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley Civilisation, and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts and to keep historical records, with their neighbors following. Most other civilizations reached the end of prehistory during the following Iron Age. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afrotheria
Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also known as sengis), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades. Most groups of afrotheres share little or no superficial resemblance, and their similarities have only become known in recent times because of genetics and molecular studies. Many afrothere groups are found mostly or exclusively in Africa, reflecting the fact that Africa was an island continent from the Cretaceous until the early Miocene around 20 million years ago, when Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia. Because Africa was isolated by water, Laurasian groups of mammals such as insectivores, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivorans and ungulates could not reach Africa for much of the early to mid-Cenozoic. Instead, the niches occupied by those groups on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational organizations in the world. Founded in 1888, its interests include geography, archaeology, and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society's logo is a yellow portrait frame—rectangular in shape—which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo. Through National Geographic Partners (a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company), the Society operates the magazine, TV channels, a website, worldwide events, and other media operations. Overview The National Geographic Society was founded on 13 January 1888 "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge". It is governed by a board of trustees whose 33 members include distinguished educators, business executives, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
