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Annual Ryegrass Toxicity
Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (''Lolium rigidum''). The toxin is produced by the bacterium ''Rathayibacter toxicus'' (formerly ''Clavibacter toxicus''), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode ''Anguina funesta''. History ARGT was first recorded in vicinity of Black Springs, South Australia, in the 1950s and then near Gnowangerup, Western Australia, in the 1960s. The disease has spread rapidly and approximately 40,000 to 60,000 square kilometres of farmland in Western Australia, and similar areas in South Australia are now infested by the ARGT-causing organisms. Most ARGT-related livestock losses occur during October to January, but losses have been recorded as late as April. Symptoms ARGT is a neurological condition and affects the brain. Sheep may at first appear perfectly normal, but if driven for a hundred metres or so, the slight stress will cause mildly affected animals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lolium Rigidum
''Lolium rigidum'' is a species of annual grass. Common names by which it is known include annual ryegrass, a name also given to Italian ryegrass (''Lolium multiflorum''), rigid ryegrass, stiff darnel, Swiss ryegrass and Wimmera ryegrass. It is a native of southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent and is grown as a forage crop, particularly in Australia, where it is also a serious and economically damaging crop weed. Description ''Lolium rigidum'' is an annual grass that grows in open tussocks. It has fibrous roots and can grow up to a metre tall. The plant form is usually erect but may be prostrate. The stems are often geniculate (with a knee-like bend) and are purplish at the base. The leaves are long, and wide; the upper surface is glossy dark green, flat and hairless with longitudinal veins, and the underside is shiny and smooth. The young leaves are rolled when in bud, the auricles are small and the ligule is white and translucent, wide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rathayibacter Toxicus
''Rathayibacter toxicus'' is a phytopathogenic bacterium known for causing annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) commonly found in South Australia, South and Western Australia. Etymology The genus ''Rathayibacter'' is an homage to E. Rathay, the plant pathologist who first isolated strains of the genus combined with the suffix -bacter meaning "rod" in Latin. The species name, ''toxicus'', stems from the Latin word meaning "poison", due to ''Rathayibacter toxicus'''s ability to produce Corynebacterium, corynetoxins. Taxonomy ''Rathayibacter toxicus'' has been previously classified as "''Corynebacterium'' sp.", "''Corynebacterium rathayi''", "''Clavibacter'' sp.", "''Clavibacter rathayi''", and "''Clavibacter toxicus.''" The organism is a member of the family Microbacteriaceae. ''Microbacteriaceae'' contains twenty-eight other genera, though a distinct clade is formed between genus ''Rathayibacter'' and genus ''Clavibacter.'' Genera that are closer related to ''Rathayibacter'' are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anguina Funesta
''Anguina funesta'' at American Society of Nematologists is a ic nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ... .
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Black Springs, South Australia
Black Springs is a locality and former township in South Australia's Mid North region. It lies on the east side of the Barrier Highway between Gawler to the south and Burra to the north. The source of the Wakefield River is a few hundred metres south of the old township. Governance Black Springs is governed at the local level by the District Council of Clare and Gilbert Valleys. It lies in the state electoral district of Frome and the federal electoral division of Grey. See also * Clare, South Australia The town of Clare is located in South Australia in the Mid North region, 136 km north of Adelaide. It gives its name to the Clare Valley wine and tourist region. At the , Clare itself had a population of 3160 as part of an urban area wit ... * Hundred of Stanley References {{authority control Towns in South Australia Mid North (South Australia) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gnowangerup, Western Australia
Gnowangerup is a town located south-east of Katanning in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. Etymology Gnowangerup is named as the place of the mallee fowl in the Aboriginal Noongar language, being derived from nearby Gnowangerup Creek and Spring, both names being first recorded in 1878. The name means "place where the mallee hen (Gnow) nests". The town was first gazetted under the spelling of Ngowangerupp. Local dissatisfaction with this spelling led to it being altered to Gnowangerup in 1913. History The traditional owners of the area are the Goreng Noongar peoples who lived on the plains in the area for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers. The townsite was first gazetted in 1908. Following a severe drought the town was flooded in 1940 after a torrential downpour. The bridge was covered by water, parts of the railway line, the local tennis courts and pavilion were washed away. Education Gnowangerup State School was opened in Novembe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pest Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twist Fungus
''Lidophia graminis'', twist fungus, is a fungus found in southern Australia, the Middle East and Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia .... Recent research by scientists from Western Australia has found the fungus is capable of controlling organisms that cause the disease of livestock known as annual ryegrass toxicity. An inoculum of the fungus was developed. References External linksargt.com.au Dothideales {{Ascomycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal Bacterial Diseases
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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