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Alpha-methylnorepinephrine
Corbadrine (INN; marketed as Neo-Cobefrine), also known as levonordefrin ( USAN) and α-methylnorepinephrine, is a catecholamine sympathomimetic used as a topical nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor in dentistry in the United States, (usually in a pre-mixed solution with local anesthetics, such as mepivacaine). Corbadrine is also a metabolite of the antihypertensive drug methyldopa, and plays a role in its pharmacology and effects. See also * α-Methyldopamine * α-Methyltyramine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine (4HA), also known as hydroxyamfetamine, hydroxyamphetamine, oxamphetamine, norpholedrine, ''para''-hydroxyamphetamine, and α-methyltyramine, is a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. It is used medically ... References External links * Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists Beta-adrenergic agonists Catecholamines Norepinephrine releasing agents Phenylethanolamines Substituted amphetamines { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyldopa
Methyldopa, sold under the brand name Aldomet among others, is a medication used for high blood pressure. It is one of the preferred treatments for high blood pressure in pregnancy. For other types of high blood pressure including hypertensive emergency, very high blood pressure resulting in symptoms other medications are typically preferred. It can be given Oral administration, by mouth or intravenous, injection into a vein. Onset of effects is around 5 hours and they last about a day. Common side effects include sleepiness. More severe side effects include hemolysis, red blood cell breakdown, liver problems, and allergic reactions. Methyldopa is in the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist family of medication. It works by stimulating the brain to decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Methyldopa was discovered in 1960. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Methyldopa is us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antihypertensive Drug
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and can reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers. Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norepinephrine Releasing Agents
A norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA), also known as an adrenergic releasing agent, is a catecholaminergic type of drug that induces the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) from the pre-synaptic neuron into the synapse. This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine therefore an increase in adrenergic neurotransmission. A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Another class of drugs that stimulates adrenergic activity is the adrenergic receptor agonist class. Uses and examples NRAs are used for a variety of clinical indications including the following: * For the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, pemoline * As anorectics in the treatment of obesity — e.g., amphetamine, phentermine, benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, aminorex * As wakefulness-promoting agents in the treatment of narcolepsy — e. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catecholamines
A catecholamine (; abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine. Catechol can be either a free molecule or a substituent of a larger molecule, where it represents a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene group. Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources as well as synthesis from phenylalanine. Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins in circulation. Included among catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands is part of the fight-or-flight response. Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein. Catecholamine-secreting cells use several re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta-adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic means "working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)" (or on their receptors). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body. *Adrenergic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system that uses epinephrine or norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter Regarding proteins: * Adrenergic receptor, a receptor type for epinephrine and norepinephrine; subtypes include α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 receptors * Adrenergic transporter (norepinephrine transporter), a protein transporting norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft into nerve cells Regarding pharmaceutical drugs: * Adrenergic receptor agonist, a type of drug activating one or more subtypes of adrenergic receptors ** This includes drugs regulating blood pressure and antiasthmatic drugs. * Adrenergic receptor antagonist, a type of drug blocking one or more subtypes of adrenergic receptors ** This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
{{disambiguation ...
Alpha 1 or Alpha-1 may refer to: *Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor *Alpha-1 antitrypsin, a protein **Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder *Alpha-1-fetoprotein or Alpha-fetoprotein, a protein *Alpha-One, a fictional spacecraft in '' Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins'' * ''Alpha 1'' (Robert Silverberg anthology), a 1970 book See also * * *Alpha (other) *AMY1A or Alpha-1A or, an enzyme found in humans and other mammals *List of A1 genes, proteins or receptors This is a list of genes, proteins or receptors named A1 or Alpha-1 : * Actin, alpha 1 * Actinin, alpha 1 * Adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1 * Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1 * Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1 * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine (4HA), also known as hydroxyamfetamine, hydroxyamphetamine, oxamphetamine, norpholedrine, ''para''-hydroxyamphetamine, and α-methyltyramine, is a drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. It is used medically in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis), so that the back of the eye can be examined. It is also a major metabolite of amphetamine and certain substituted amphetamines. Medical use 4-Hydroxyamphetamine is used in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis) so that the back of the eye can be examined. This is a diagnostic test for Horner's syndrome. Patients with Horner's syndrome exhibit anisocoria brought about by lesions on the nerves that connect to the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve. Application of 4-hydroxyamphetamine to the eye can indicate whether the lesion is preganglionic or postganglionic based on the pupil's response. If the pupil dilates, the lesion is preganglionic. If the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-Methyldopamine
α-Methyldopamine (α-Me-DA), also known as 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (3,4-DHA or HHA), is a research chemical of the catecholamine and substituted amphetamine, amphetamine chemical classes. Its bis-glutathione, glutathionyl metabolite is slightly neurotoxic when directly Intracerebroventricular injection, injected into the brain's ventricles. Interest lies in the fact that 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, MDA and MDMA may not themselves be responsible for their neurotoxicity, as an intracerebroventricular injection does not appear to cause neurotoxicity. While many studies suggest excitotoxicity or oxidative stress as likely mechanisms, which may be an effect of MDMA itself, this has led to the search for other mechanisms for the observed toxicity of serotonin axons and subsequent reduction in 5-HT (serotonin) and 5-HIAA (its major metabolite in the body) in vivo following administration. A common theory follows that a metabolite in the periphery must be responsible, and several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is a branch of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action, where a drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word ''pharmacon'' is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties,functions,sources,synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones). A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal "growth", development, and reproduction. Ethylene exemplifies a primary metabolite produced large-scale by industrial microbiology. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics and pigments such as resins and terpenes etc. Some antibiotics use primary metabolites as precursors, such as actinomycin, which is created from the primary metabolite tryptophan. Some sugars are metabolites, such as fructose or glucose, which are both p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
