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Adoptive Immunity
Adoptive immunity acts in a host after their immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified extracorporeally, and then reinfused into the same host.Nagata K, Miyasaka M, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, eds. (2003). "Adoptive transfer." '' ictionary for Keywords in Molecular Biology and Immunology 2nd ed.'' Tokyo: Igakushoin, Ltd., p. 839–840. Y9800 (in Japanese). This process in its former part is analogous to adoption: a child is once adopted out from their home, grown up, and then returned to their home of birth. Transferred immunological components include immune cells such as T lymphocytes or tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages, or B cells.Rédei GP (2003). "adoptive cellular therapy." ''Encyclopedic dictionary of genetics, genomics, and proteomics, 2nd ed.'' New York: Wiley-Liss, p. 23. . There seems to be some variation in usage of this term. # Transferred components are immune cells and autologous as above. # Transfer of immune c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monozygotic Twins
Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.MedicineNet > Definition of TwinLast Editorial Review: 19 June 2000 Twins can be either ''monozygotic'' ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or ''dizygotic'' ('non-identical' or 'fraternal'), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. Since identical twins develop from one zygote, they will share the same sex, while fraternal twins may or may not. In rare cases twins can have the same mother and different fathers (heteropaternal superfecundation). In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb (the much more common case, in humans) is called a ''singleton'', and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a ''multiple''. Unrelated look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgängers. Statistics The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensitization (immunological)
In immunology, the term sensitization is used for the following concepts:Anderson DM, ed. (2003). "Sensitization." ''Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary'', 30th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 1680. .Brown MJ, ed. (1992). "Sensitization." ''Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health'', 5th ed. Philadelphia; London: Saunders, p. 1352. .Pugh MB, ed. (2000). "Sensitization." ''Stedman's Medical Dictionary'', 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p. 1619. .Tada T, Taniguchi M, Okumura Y, Miyasaka M, eds. (1993). "Sensitization." ''Dictionary of Terms in Immunology'', 3rd ed. Osaka: Saishin-Igakusha, Ltd., p. 510. C3547 (in Japanese). * Immunization by inducing an adaptive response in the immune system. In this sense, sensitization is the term more often in usage for induction of allergic responses.Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M, eds. (2001). ''Immunobiology 5: The Immune System in Health and Disease.'' New York: Gar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GVHD
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a syndrome, characterized by inflammation in different organs. GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants. White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). The white blood cells present within the transplanted tissue then attack the recipient's body's cells, which leads to GvHD. This should not be confused with a transplant rejection, which occurs when the immune system of the transplant recipient rejects the transplanted tissue; GvHD occurs when the donor's immune system's white blood cells reject the recipient. The underlying principle (alloimmunity) is the same, but the details and course may differ. GvHD can also occur after a blood transfusion if the blood products used have not been irradiated or treated with an approved pathogen reduction system. Types In the clinical setting, graft-versus-hos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allogeneic
Allotransplant (''allo-'' meaning "other" in Ancient Greek, Greek) is the Organ transplant, transplantation of cell (biology), cells, Biological tissue, tissues, or Organ (anatomy), organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. It is contrasted with autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person), syngenic transplantation of isografts (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) and xenotransplantation (from other species). Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage. An immune response against an allograft or Xenotransplantation, xenograft is termed Transplant rejection, rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called Graft vers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin (obtained from humans, horses, or other animals) are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies, such as in immunoglobulin therapy or antiserum therapy. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook : USC School of Medicine Passive immunization can be provided when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as ''activation immunotherapies,'' while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as '' suppression immunotherapies''. Immunotherapy is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of cancer. Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T cell response. Therapies such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria are licensed for medical use. Others includin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
