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Zygmunt Modzelewski
Zygmunt Modzelewski (15 April 1900, Częstochowa – 18 June 1954, Warsaw) was a Polish communist politician, professor, economist, and diplomat. Life and career He was a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania and Communist Party of Poland. From 1923 to 1937, he was a member of the French Communist Party and even joined its Central Committee. In 1937 he moved to the Soviet Union and was arrested by NKVD in the same year in the Great Purge. Despite torture he refused to give false confession and was released in 1939. Later, he joined the Union of Polish Patriots and the Central Bureau of Polish Communists and became the first director of Polpress, a precursor to the Polish Press Agency. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1944 (and later its successor, the Polish United Workers' Party) and eventually became the member of its Central Committee. He was also a member of the Polish Council of State and a deputy to the State National Council and L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Foreign Affairs (Poland)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (''Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych'', MSZ) is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations. The head of the ministry holds a place in the Council of Ministers. Remit and responsibilities of the ministry The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible primarily for maintaining good, friendly relations between the Polish Republic and other states. In doing so it is required to act primarily as a representative of the Polish people. To this end all Polish diplomatic missions around the world are subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ambassadors, whilst receiving their credentials from the President of Poland, are employees of the foreign ministry and are recommended to the President for their posts by the minister of foreign affairs. The minist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Democracy Of The Kingdom Of Poland And Lithuania
The Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania ( pl, Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy, SDKPiL), , LKLSD), originally the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), was a Marxist political party founded in 1893 and later served as an autonomous section of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. It later merged into the Communist Workers Party of Poland. Its most famous member was Rosa Luxemburg. Leading members The leading cadre of the SDKPiL were a famous group, many of whom would play a role in the Russian Revolution of October 1917. Chief among them was Rosa Luxemburg, the leading theoretician of the movement. Other notable figures included Leo Jogiches, Julian Marchlewski, Adolf Warski, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Stanisław Pestkowski, Karl Sobelson, Józef Unszlicht, Kazimierz Cichowski and Jakob Fürstenberg. Internationalists, many of them would play leading roles in Germany as well as in Russia. History 1893: Formation The party was fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karol Modzelewski
Karol Cyryl Modzelewski (23 November 1937 – 28 April 2019) was a Polish historian, writer, politician and academic of Russian origin, one of the leading figures of the democratic opposition in the Polish People's Republic from the 1960s to the 1980s. Life and career He was the adopted son of Zygmunt Modzelewski. A professor at the University of Wrocław and the University of Warsaw, he was a member of the Polish United Workers Party but was expelled from it in 1964 for opposition to some policies of the party. With Jacek Kuroń he co-wrote the Open Letter to the Party, for which he was imprisoned for three years. He took part in the Polish 1968 political crisis, and for his activities he was again imprisoned for three and a half years. During the 1980 strikes he came up with the name of 'Solidarity'. He was one of the Solidarity press contacts, and a member of the Solidarity region in Silesia. He was interned with many others during the martial law in Poland. From 1989 to 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Builders Of People's Poland
Order of the Builders of People's Poland ( pl, Order Budowniczych Polski Ludowej) was the highestORDER BUDOWNICZYCH POLSKI LUDOWEJ , retrieved on 20 November 2008Budowniczych Polski Ludowej, Order , Encyklopedia PWN, retrieved on 20 November 2008 civil de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague (home to the International Court of Justice). The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future world wars, succeeding the League of Nations, which was characterized as ineffective. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining internationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legislative Sejm (1947-1952)
Legislative Sejm can refer to the two Polish Sejm The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...s known in Polish as ''Sejm Ustawodawczy'': * Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic), 1919–1922 * Legislative Sejm (1947–1952) {{Disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State National Council
Krajowa Rada Narodowa in Polish (translated as State National Council or Homeland National Council, abbreviated to KRN) was a parliament-like political body created during the later stages of World War II in German-occupied Warsaw, Poland. It was intended as a communist-controlled center of authority, challenging organs of the legitimate and mainstream Polish Underground State. The existence of the KRN was later accepted by the Soviet Union and the council became to a large extent subjugated and controlled by the Soviets. The KRN was established on the night of 31 December 1943 on the initiative of the Polish communist party, the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), then led by Władysław Gomułka. It was the implementation of the party's Central Committee decision of 7 November 1943. The council was declared to be the "actual political representation of the Polish nation, empowered to act on behalf of the nation and manage its affairs until the time of Poland's liberation from the occ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Council Of State
The Council of State of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Rada Państwa) was introduced by the Small Constitution of 1947 as an organ of executive power. The Council of State consisted of the President of the Republic of Poland as chairman, the Marshal and Vice-marshals of the Sejm, President of the Supreme Audit Office, and potential other members. The Council of State had the power to approve decrees issued by the Council of Ministers, exercise supreme control over the local national councils, approve promulgation of laws concerning the budget and military draft, declare a state of emergency and martial law, initiate legislation, and others.Small Constitution at the Sejm website Under the 1952 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee Of The Polish United Workers' Party
Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party ( pl, Komitet Centralny Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej, KC PZPR) was the central ruling body of the Polish United Workers' Party, the dominant political party in the People's Republic of Poland (1948-1990). Functions Members of the Committee convened about every four months. The Committee elected representatives to various bodies, among which the most important was the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party, which took actions between the conventions. Leaders By the year 1954 the head of the party was the Chair of the Central Committee. They ''de facto'' replaced the abolished position of the President of Poland: * Secretary General Bolesław Bierut (December 22, 1948 – March 12, 1956) * First Secretary Edward Ochab (March 20, 1956 – October 21, 1956) * First Secretary Władysław Gomułka (October 21, 1956 - December 20, 1970) * First Secretary Edward Gierek (December 20, 1970 – September 6, 1980) * Fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Press Agency
The Polish Press Agency ( pl, Polska Agencja Prasowa, PAP) is Poland's national news agency, producing and distributing political, economic, social, and cultural news as well as events information. The agency has 14 news desks in its headquarters in Warsaw and 24 regional bureaux. As of 2013, PAP had nearly 500 employees and associates, including 300 journalists in Warsaw, 70 regional correspondents, 40 photojournalists and 30 foreign correspondents (among others in Berlin, Brussels, Kiev, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, Paris, Rome, Sofia, Stockholm, Washington and Vilnius). In May 2018, PAP launched an English-language news portal called Thefirstnews.com that focuses mainly on events in Poland, claiming that international media did not always portray the country "entirely accurately" and with the goal of reaching "specific opinion-forming circles" with the help of social media." In 2019 the company announced plans to extend its foreign correspondent network to additional co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Bureau Communists Of Poland
The Central Bureau Communists of Poland ( pl, Centralne Biuro Komunistów Polski or CBKP; russian: Центральное бюро коммунистов Польши) was a group of Polish Communists in the Soviet Union during World War II, hand-picked by the Russian Secretariat of the Central Committee ( BKK) with the aim of assisting in the takeover of power in Poland. It was a secret structure initially, active between January and August 1944, and closely affiliated with the Soviet Central Committee of the Communist Party. The Bureau was organized between January and February 1944 based on a decree by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) regarding the takeover of power in postwar Poland. The founding date was January 10, 1944, when the Office manifesto has been issued officially. The Polish members of the Bureau declared themselves to have an overriding role over the PPR. The CBKP was an internal structure, and its personnel co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Polish Patriots
Union of Polish Patriots (''Society of Polish Patriots'', pl, Związek Patriotów Polskich, ZPP, russian: Союз Польских Патриотов, СПП) was a political body created by Polish communists in the Soviet Union in 1943. The ZPP, unofficially controlled and directed by Joseph Stalin, became one of the founding structures of the Soviet-controlled communist government that after World War II took power in Poland. The ZPP was a mass organization with about 100,000 members (Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, mostly war refugees and Soviet deportees left after the departure of Anders' Army). It was dominated by former members of the Communist Party of Poland, in particular people from the Central Bureau Communists of Poland, which was established after the ZPP and also operated in the Soviet Union. The ZPP included activists of many political orientations. During World War II, there were about 1,500 declared Polish communists in the Soviet Union.Andrzej Werblan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
