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Zhenotdel
The Zhenotdel (), the women's department of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), was the section of the Russian Communist party devoted to women's affairs in the 1920s. It gave women in the Russian Revolution new opportunities until it was dissolved in 1930. History The Zhenotdel was established by two Russian feminist revolutionaries, Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, in 1919. It was devoted to improving the conditions of women's lives throughout the Soviet Union, fighting illiteracy, and educating women about the new marriage, education, and working laws put in place by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In Soviet Central Asia, the Zhenotdel also spearheaded efforts to improve the lives of Muslim women through literacy and educational campaigns, and through "de-veiling" campaigns. The Zhenotdel persuaded the Bolsheviks to legalise abortion in Russia, the first country to do so, in November 1920. This was the first time in history t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Women's International
The Communist Women's International was launched as an autonomous offshoot of the Communist International in April 1920 for the purpose of advancing communism, communist ideas among women. The Communist Women's International was intended to play the same role for the international women's movement that the Krestintern, Red Peasant International played for poor agrarians and the Profintern, Red International of Labor Unions played for the international labor movement. Operations of the Communist Women's International was directed by a body known as the International Communist Women's Secretariat. This body was renamed the Women's Section of the Executive Committee and made a subordinate department of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) and its magazine terminated in May 1925. While the Zhenotdel, Women's Department (Zhenotdel) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Communist Party had some success in mobilizing Soviet women for administrative ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women In The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolutions of 1917 saw the collapse of the Russian Empire, a short-lived provisional government, and the creation of the world's first socialist state under the Bolsheviks. They made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and all were affected by the events of that period and the new policies of the Soviet Union. The provisional government that took power after the February 1917 overthrow of the tsar promoted liberalism and made Russia the first major country to give women the right to vote. As soon as the Bolsheviks took power in October 1917, they liberalized laws on divorce and abortion, decriminalized homosexuality, and proclaimed a new higher status for women. Inessa Armand (1874-1920), Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952), Nadezhda Krupskaya (1869-1939) and Aleksandra Artyukhina (1889–1969) were prominent Bolsheviks. Outside the Bolshevi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandra Kollontai
Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й, née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Theoretician (Marxism), Marxist theoretician. Serving as the People's Commissariat, People's Commissar for Welfare in Vladimir Lenin's government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Bolshevik party and the first woman in history to become an official member of a governing cabinet.Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography p. 326. - "In the first Soviet government, formed in the fall of 1917, Kollontai was appointed people's commissar (minister) for social welfare. She was the only woman in the cabinet but also the firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inessa Armand
Inessa Fyodorovna Armand (born Elisabeth-Inès Stéphane d'Herbenville; 8 May 1874 – 24 September 1920) was a French-Russian communist politician, member of the Bolsheviks and a feminist who spent most of her life in Russia. Armand, being an important figure in pre-Revolution Russian communist movement and early days of the communist era, had been almost forgotten for a long time (due to deliberate Stalinist censorship, partly in consideration of her relationship with Lenin) until the partial opening of Soviet archives during the 1990s (despite this, many valuable sources regarding her life still remain inaccessible in Russian archives). Historian Michael Pearson wrote about her: "She was to help him (Lenin) recover his position and hone his Bolsheviks into a force that would acquire more power than the tsar, and would herself by 1919 become the most powerful woman in Moscow." Early life and marriages Armand was born in Paris. Her mother, Nathalie Wild, was a comedienne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sofia Smidovich
Sofia Nikolaevna Smidovich (russian: Софья Николаевна Смидович, 24 February 1872 – 24 November 1934) was a Bolshevik revolutionary, feminist and the leader of the Zhenotdel from 1922 to 1924. Early life Smidovich was born on 24 February 1872 ( N.S. 8 March) to a middle-class family in Tula. She only attended high school, unlike many of her high ranking feminists peers. She joined the Bolsheviks in 1898, where she campaigned with fellow feminist revolutionaries such as Alexandria Kollontai. Pre-1917 Revolution Activities Before the 1917 Russian Revolution, Smidovich had taken part in various feminist protests and the 1905 revolution. She became a close and important ally for radical Bolshevik feminists at the time, most notably, Kollontai and Elena Statsova. Differing Views to Kollontai Post revolution, it became clear that Smidovich was one of the more conservative Bolshevik feminists and she openly rejected Kollontai's ideas of free love an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klavdiya Nikolayeva
Klavdiya Ivanovna Nikolayeva (russian: Клавдия Ивановна Николаева; 13 June 1893 – 28 December 1944) was a Russian revolutionary, syndicalist, feminist, Old Bolshevik and Soviet politician. Early life The daughter of a Saint Petersburg labourer and a laundress, Nikolayeva worked as a nanny from an early age. After finishing elementary education she worked in a printing press, where her activism began. She wrote for the journal ''Rabotnitsa'' (''Working Woman''). She was arrested for the first time in 1908, at the age of 15, being arrested three more times by tsarist authorities and exiled twice.Зенькович Николай,НИКОЛАЕВА Клавдия Ивановна in ''Самые закрытые люди. От Ленина до Горбачева: Энциклопедия биографий'' (2002) Pre-revolution Bolshevik activism She became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1909, and was a Bolshevik, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksandra Artyukhina
Alexandra Vasilevna Artyukhina (Russian: Александра Васильевна Артюхина; 6 November 1889 – 7 April 1969) was an early Russian Bolshevik and revolutionary who rose to sit on the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee, but was brought down by Joseph Stalin's purges in the late 1930s. Life and career The child of textile workers, Artyukhina was born at Vyshny Volochyok. She became a dressmaker's apprentice at age ten and a mill worker by 17. She joined the Communist labor movement in Russia, and was forced into exile at age 20 - probably in 1909. After three years, she returned to Russia and resumed her work, both in textiles and in union organizing. She was active during the Revolution and rose through the ranks to sit as an alternate member on the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee from 1926 to 1930. She was also the last head of Zhenotdel. On March 1, 1931, international journalists noticed Artukhina as the first woman to sit on the Soviet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kommunistka
''Kommunistka'' (in rus, Коммунистка, p=kəmʊˈnʲistkə, t=Communist Woman) was a communist magazine from the Soviet Union, associated to the Zhenotdel, founded by Inessa Armand and Alexandra Kollontai in 1920. ''Kommunistka'' was published on a monthly basis. The magazine was targeted specially to Underclass, lower class women, and explored the way to achieve women's emancipation, not only in a theoretical manner, but practical, as the russian revolution, revolution by itself would not solve the women's gender inequality, inequality and oppression in the family and society. Armand and Kollontai insisted in the low percentage of women in the public sphere –in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, party, in business management, in the soviets, in the trade unions or in the government– which would require a specific work for liberation. Armand, Kollontai or Krupskaya addressed issues such as sexuality, abortion, marriage and divorce, the relationship between sexe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antifascist Committee Of Soviet Women
Antifascist Committee of Soviet Women (AKSZh) also known as the Committee of Soviet Women, was a state women's organization in Soviet Russia, founded in 1941. It was renamed to Committee of Soviet Women in 1956. It was a state organization and a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1930, the Zhenotdel had been dissolved because women's issues were officially regarded to have been solved in Soviet Russia. In 1941, however, the Antifascist Committee of Soviet Women was founded to promote the Soviet women's model internationally, specifically the Soviet woman's capacity to successfully combine the role of mother, worker and citizen: on a congress in Paris in 1945, it took the initiative to found the Women's International Democratic Federation for the same purpose.Нагорная, Оксана Сергеевна. Женщины в структурах советской культурной дипломатии холодной войны: пространства ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhensovety
The ''zhenskie sovety'' (shortened to ''zhensovety'') were women's councils set up in localities of the Soviet Union after 1958. They were described as "descendants of the Zhenotdel but enjoy less scope and autonomy than did their namesake". Although formally dissolved following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the councils were influential in providing support for the Women of Russia political bloc in Russia. Beginnings The organisations were part of Khrushchev's leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, and a notable example of an official women's movement in the late Soviet era. The aim of the ''zhensovety'' was to promote social services, Marxist–Leninist thinking and political education for working-class women in the USSR, to encourage women to become politically active (or, if they were housewives, more involved in the workforce and increase economic production). Decline and revival The ''zhensovety'' declined under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, and were revived in unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodies Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
Bodies may refer to: * The plural of body * ''Bodies'' (2004 TV series), BBC television programme * Bodies (upcoming TV series), an upcoming British crime thriller limited series * "Bodies" (''Law & Order''), 2003 episode of ''Law & Order'' * Bodies: The Exhibition, exhibit showcasing dissected human bodies in cities across the globe * ''Bodies'' (novel), 2002 novel by Jed Mercurio * ''Bodies'', 1977 play by James Saunders (playwright) * ''Bodies'', 2009 book by British psychoanalyst Susie Orbach Music * ''Bodies'' (album), a 2021 album by AFI * ''Bodies'' (EP), a 2014 EP by Celia Pavey * "Bodies" (Drowning Pool song), 2001 hard rock song by Drowning Pool * "Bodies" (Sex Pistols song), 1977 punk rock song by the Sex Pistols * "Bodies" (Little Birdy song), 2007 indie rock song by Little Birdy * "Bodies" (Robbie Williams song), 2009 pop song by Robbie Williams * "Bodies", a song by Megadeth from ''Endgame'' * "Bodies", a song by The Smashing Pumpkins from ''Mellon Collie an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizations Established In 1920
An organization or organisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose. The word is derived from the Greek word ''organon'', which means tool or instrument, musical instrument, and organ. Types There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions, etc. A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities. A voluntary association is an organization consisting of volunteers. Such organizations may be able to operate without legal formalities, depending on jurisdiction, includin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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