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Zhurbenkoa Latispora
''Zhurbenkoa'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Malmideaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2019 by Adam Flakus, Javier Etayo, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, and Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus, with ''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia'' assigned as the type species. Closely related genera are ''Savoronala'' and '' Sprucidea''. The generic name honours Russian lichenologist Mikhail Zhurbenko, "for his magnificent contribution to knowledge on the biodiversity and systematics of lichenicolous fungi, including lichen parasites colonizing ''Cladonia''". ''Zhurbenkoa'' fungi grow on the thalli of species in the widespread lichen genus ''Cladonia''. They produce grayish-brown to almost black apothecia that lack margins, and have crystals interspersed in the epihymenium. Species *'' Zhurbenkoa cladoniarum'' – Brazil *''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia ''Zhurbenkoa'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Malmideaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscription ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhurbenkoa Epicladonia
''Zhurbenkoa'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Malmideaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 2019 by Adam Flakus, Javier Etayo, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, and Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus, with ''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia'' assigned as the type species. Closely related genera are ''Savoronala'' and ''Sprucidea''. The generic name honours Russian lichenologist Mikhail Zhurbenko, "for his magnificent contribution to knowledge on the biodiversity and systematics of lichenicolous fungi, including lichen parasites colonizing ''Cladonia''". ''Zhurbenkoa'' fungi grow on the thallus, thalli of species in the widespread lichen genus ''Cladonia''. They produce grayish-brown to almost black apothecia that lack margins, and have crystals interspersed in the epihymenium. Species *''Zhurbenkoa cladoniarum'' – Brazil *''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia'' – Europe; South America *''Zhurbenkoa latispora'' – South America References Malmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sprucidea
''Sprucidea'' is a genus of four crustose lichens in the family Malmideaceae. Similar to the related genus ''Malmidea'', ''Sprucidea '' is characterized by frequently red thalli that contain the secondary compound norsolorinic acid, but differs in the rod-shaped instead of ellipsoid ascospores and in the stalked sporodochia as conidiomata. ''Sprucidea'' species are found in rainforest areas in South America and Southeast Asia. Taxonomy ''Sprucidea'' was circumscribed in 2017 by lichenologists Marcela Cáceres, André Aptroot, and Robert Lücking. '' S. granulosa'' and the type species, '' S. rubropenicillata'', were described as new to science, while '' S. gymnopiperis'' and '' S. penicillata'' were two proposed new combinations from the genera ''Malmidea '' and ''Bacidina'', respectively. The genus name of ''Sprucidea'' is in honour of Richard Spruce (1817–1893), who was an English botanist specializing in bryology. He was one of the great Victorian bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxa Described In 2019
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's system in '' Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecanorales Genera
The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species. Families * Aphanopsidaceae * Biatorellaceae * Brigantiaeaceae * Bruceomycetaceae * Carbonicolaceae * Catillariaceae * Cladoniaceae * Crocyniaceae * Dactylosporaceae * Gypsoplacaceae * Haematommataceae * Lecanoraceae * Malmideaceae * Pachyascaceae * Parmeliaceae * Pilocarpaceae * Psilolechiaceae * Psoraceae * Ramalinaceae * Ramboldiaceae * Scoliciosporaceae * Sphaerophoraceae * Stereocaulaceae * Tephromelataceae * Vezdaeaceae Genera of uncertain placement There are several genera in the Lecanorales that have not been placed with certainty into any family. These are: *'' Coronoplectrum'' – 1 sp. *'' Ivanpisutia'' – 1 sp. *'' Joergensenia'' – 1 sp. *'' Myochroidea'' – 4 spp. *'' Neopsoromopsis'' – 1 sp. *''Psoromella ''Psoromella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore. The position of the hymenium is traditionally the first characteristic used in the classification and identification of mushrooms. Below are some examples of the diverse types which exist among the macroscopic Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. * In agarics, the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills. * In boletes and polypores, it is in a spongy mass of downward-pointing tubes. * In puffballs, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladonia
''Cladonia'' is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. ''Cladonia'' species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets in Russia. Antibiotic compounds are extracted from some species to create antibiotic cream. The light green species ''Cladonia stellaris'' is used in flower decorations. Although the phylogeny of the genus ''Cladonia'' is still under investigation, two main morphological groups are commonly differentiated by taxonomists: the ''Cladonia'' morpho-type and the ''Cladina'' morpho-type. The ''Cladonia'' morpho-type has many more species, and is generally described as a group of squamulose (grow from squamules), cup-bearing lichens. The ''Cladina'' morpho-types are often referred to as forage lichens, mat-forming lichens, or reindeer lichens (due to their importance as caribou winter forage). ''Cladonia perforata'' ("perforate cladonia") is o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thallus
Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms were previously known as the thallophytes, a polyphyletic group of distantly related organisms. An organism or structure resembling a thallus is called thalloid, thallodal, thalliform, thalline, or thallose. A thallus usually names the entire body of a multicellular non-moving organism in which there is no organization of the tissues into organs. Even though thalli do not have organized and distinct parts (leaves, roots, and stems) as do the vascular plants, they may have analogous structures that resemble their vascular "equivalents". The analogous structures have similar function or macroscopic structure, but different microscopic structure; for example, no thallus has vascular tissue. In exceptional cases such as the Lemnoideae, where ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Savoronala
''Savoronala'' is a fungal genus in the family Malmideaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ''Savoronala madagascariensis''. This lichen produces unique conidia (asexual spores) that each include a single algal cell. Taxonomy Both the genus and the specie were described as new in 2013 by Damian Ertz, Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, Tahina Razafindrahaja, and Emmanuël Sérusiaux. The type specimen was collected in Tôlanaro, Madagascar, in a coastal ''Erica''-grassland. It was found growing on the stem of an ''Erica'' shrub. The lichen is known only from the type locality. The area it was collected from is under pressure because of habitat destruction, charcoal production, and a nearby giant mine of ilmenite. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed ''Savoronala'' be part of Malmideaceae, a family circumscribed in 2011. Description Several features characterize the genus ''Savoronala''. It produces small thalli that are pale glaucous and placodioid (crustos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhurbenkoa Cladoniarum
''Zhurbenkoa'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Malmideaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2019 by Adam Flakus, Javier Etayo, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, and Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus, with ''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia'' assigned as the type species. Closely related genera are ''Savoronala'' and '' Sprucidea''. The generic name honours Russian lichenologist Mikhail Zhurbenko, "for his magnificent contribution to knowledge on the biodiversity and systematics of lichenicolous fungi, including lichen parasites colonizing ''Cladonia''". ''Zhurbenkoa'' fungi grow on the thalli of species in the widespread lichen genus ''Cladonia''. They produce grayish-brown to almost black apothecia that lack margins, and have crystals interspersed in the epihymenium. Species *'' Zhurbenkoa cladoniarum'' – Brazil *''Zhurbenkoa epicladonia'' – Europe; South America *''Zhurbenkoa latispora ''Zhurbenkoa'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Malmideaceae. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen(s). Article 67.1 A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups and called a type genus. In botanical nomenclature, these terms have no formal standing under the code of nomenclature, but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature. In botany, the type of a genus name is a specimen (or, rarely, an illustration) which is also the type of a species name. The species name that has that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name. Names of genus and family ranks, the various subdivisions of those ranks, and some higher-rank names based on genus names, have such types. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. If we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in Genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in Genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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