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Z-group
In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the term Z-group refers to a number of distinct types of groups: * in the study of finite groups, a Z-group is a finite group whose Sylow subgroups are all cyclic. * in the study of infinite groups, a Z-group is a group which possesses a very general form of central series. * in the study of ordered groups, a Z-group or \mathbb Z-group is a discretely ordered abelian group whose quotient over its minimal convex subgroup is divisible. Such groups are elementarily equivalent to the integers (\mathbb Z,+,<). Z-groups are an alternative presentation of . * occasionally, (Z)-group is used to mean a , a special ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metacyclic Group
In group theory, a metacyclic group is an extension of a cyclic group by a cyclic group. That is, it is a group ''G'' for which there is a short exact sequence :1 \rightarrow K \rightarrow G \rightarrow H \rightarrow 1,\, where ''H'' and ''K'' are cyclic. Equivalently, a metacyclic group is a group ''G'' having a cyclic normal subgroup ''N'', such that the quotient ''G''/''N'' is also cyclic. Properties Metacyclic groups are both supersolvable and metabelian. Examples * Any cyclic group is metacyclic. * The direct product or semidirect product of two cyclic groups is metacyclic. These include the dihedral groups and the quasidihedral groups. * The dicyclic groups are metacyclic. (Note that a dicyclic group is not necessarily a semidirect product of two cyclic groups.) * Every finite group of squarefree order is metacyclic. * More generally every Z-group In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the term Z-group refers to a number of distinct typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supersolvable Group
In mathematics, a group is supersolvable (or supersoluble) if it has an invariant normal series where all the factors are cyclic groups. Supersolvability is stronger than the notion of solvability. Definition Let ''G'' be a group. ''G'' is supersolvable if there exists a normal series :\ = H_0 \triangleleft H_1 \triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft H_ \triangleleft H_s = G such that each quotient group H_/H_i \; is cyclic and each H_i is normal in G. By contrast, for a solvable group the definition requires each quotient to be abelian. In another direction, a polycyclic group must have a subnormal series with each quotient cyclic, but there is no requirement that each H_i be normal in G. As every finite solvable group is polycyclic, this can be seen as one of the key differences between the definitions. For a concrete example, the alternating group on four points, A_4, is solvable but not supersolvable. Basic Properties Some facts about supersolvable groups: * Supersolvabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frobenius Group
In mathematics, a Frobenius group is a transitive permutation group on a finite set, such that no non-trivial element fixes more than one point and some non-trivial element fixes a point. They are named after F. G. Frobenius. Structure Suppose ''G'' is a Frobenius group consisting of permutations of a set ''X''. A subgroup ''H'' of ''G'' fixing a point of ''X'' is called a Frobenius complement. The identity element together with all elements not in any conjugate of ''H'' form a normal subgroup called the Frobenius kernel ''K''. (This is a theorem due to ; there is still no proof of this theorem that does not use character theory, although see .) The Frobenius group ''G'' is the semidirect product of ''K'' and ''H'': :G=K\rtimes H. Both the Frobenius kernel and the Frobenius complement have very restricted structures. proved that the Frobenius kernel ''K'' is a nilpotent group. If ''H'' has even order then ''K'' is abelian. The Frobenius complement ''H'' has the property t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group is a Set (mathematics), set and an Binary operation, operation that combines any two Element (mathematics), elements of the set to produce a third element of the set, in such a way that the operation is Associative property, associative, an identity element exists and every element has an Inverse element, inverse. These three axioms hold for Number#Main classification, number systems and many other mathematical structures. For example, the integers together with the addition operation form a group. The concept of a group and the axioms that define it were elaborated for handling, in a unified way, essential structural properties of very different mathematical entities such as numbers, geometric shapes and polynomial roots. Because the concept of groups is ubiquitous in numerous areas both within and outside mathematics, some authors consider it as a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics. In geometry groups arise naturally in the study of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Theory
In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as group (mathematics), groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as ring (mathematics), rings, field (mathematics), fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operation (mathematics), operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right. Various physical systems, such as crystals and the hydrogen atom, and Standard Model, three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe, may be modelled by symmetry groups. Thus group theory and the closely related representation theory have many important applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science. Group theory is also ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doubly Transitive Permutation Group
A group G acts 2-transitively on a set S if it acts transitively on the set of distinct ordered pairs \. That is, assuming (without a real loss of generality) that G acts on the left of S, for each pair of pairs (x,y),(w,z)\in S\times S with x \neq y and w\neq z, there exists a g\in G such that g(x,y) = (w,z). The group action is sharply 2-transitive if such g\in G is unique. A 2-transitive group is a group such that there exists a group action that's 2-transitive and faithful. Similarly we can define sharply 2-transitive group. Equivalently, gx = w and gy = z, since the induced action on the distinct set of pairs is g(x,y) = (gx,gy). The definition works in general with ''k'' replacing 2. Such multiply transitive permutation groups can be defined for any natural number ''k''. Specifically, a permutation group ''G'' acting on ''n'' points is ''k''-transitive if, given two sets of points ''a''1, ... ''a''''k'' and ''b''1, ... ''b''''k'' with the property that all the ''a''''i'' a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypocentral Group
In mathematics, especially in the fields of group theory and Lie theory, a central series is a kind of normal series of subgroups or Lie subalgebras, expressing the idea that the commutator is nearly trivial. For groups, the existence of a central series means it is a nilpotent group; for matrix rings (considered as Lie algrebras), it means that in some basis the ring consists entirely of upper triangular matrices with constant diagonal. This article uses the language of group theory; analogous terms are used for Lie algebras. A general group possesses a lower central series and upper central series (also called the descending central series and ascending central series, respectively), but these are central series in the strict sense (terminating in the trivial subgroup) if and only if the group is nilpotent. A related but distinct construction is the derived series, which terminates in the trivial subgroup whenever the group is solvable. Definition A central series is a sequence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Central Series
In mathematics, especially in the fields of group theory and Lie theory, a central series is a kind of normal series of subgroups or Lie subalgebras, expressing the idea that the commutator is nearly trivial. For groups, the existence of a central series means it is a nilpotent group; for matrix rings (considered as Lie algrebras), it means that in some basis the ring consists entirely of upper triangular matrices with constant diagonal. This article uses the language of group theory; analogous terms are used for Lie algebras. A general group possesses a lower central series and upper central series (also called the descending central series and ascending central series, respectively), but these are central series in the strict sense (terminating in the trivial subgroup) if and only if the group is nilpotent. A related but distinct construction is the derived series, which terminates in the trivial subgroup whenever the group is solvable. Definition A central series is a sequence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypercentral Group
In mathematics, especially in the fields of group theory and Lie theory, a central series is a kind of normal series of subgroups or Lie subalgebras, expressing the idea that the commutator is nearly trivial. For groups, the existence of a central series means it is a nilpotent group; for matrix rings (considered as Lie algrebras), it means that in some basis the ring consists entirely of upper triangular matrices with constant diagonal. This article uses the language of group theory; analogous terms are used for Lie algebras. A general group possesses a lower central series and upper central series (also called the descending central series and ascending central series, respectively), but these are central series in the strict sense (terminating in the trivial subgroup) if and only if the group is nilpotent. A related but distinct construction is the derived series, which terminates in the trivial subgroup whenever the group is solvable. Definition A central series is a seque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalized Quaternion Group
In group theory, the quaternion group Q8 (sometimes just denoted by Q) is a non-abelian group of order eight, isomorphic to the eight-element subset \ of the quaternions under multiplication. It is given by the group presentation :\mathrm_8 = \langle \bar,i,j,k \mid \bar^2 = e, \;i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = \bar \rangle , where ''e'' is the identity element and commutes with the other elements of the group. Another presentation of Q8 is :\mathrm_8 = \langle a,b \mid a^4 = e, a^2 = b^2, ba = a^b\rangle. Compared to dihedral group The quaternion group Q8 has the same order as the dihedral group D4, but a different structure, as shown by their Cayley and cycle graphs: In the diagrams for D4, the group elements are marked with their action on a letter F in the defining representation R2. The same cannot be done for Q8, since it has no faithful representation in R2 or R3. D4 can be realized as a subset of the split-quaternions in the same way that Q8 can be viewed as a sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihedral Group
In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections. Dihedral groups are among the simplest examples of finite groups, and they play an important role in group theory, geometry, and chemistry. The notation for the dihedral group differs in geometry and abstract algebra. In geometry, or refers to the symmetries of the -gon, a group of order . In abstract algebra, refers to this same dihedral group. This article uses the geometric convention, . Definition Elements A regular polygon with n sides has 2n different symmetries: n rotational symmetries and n reflection symmetries. Usually, we take n \ge 3 here. The associated rotations and reflections make up the dihedral group \mathrm_n. If n is odd, each axis of symmetry connects the midpoint of one side to the opposite vertex. If n is even, there are n/2 axes of symmetry connecting the midpoints of opposite sides and n/2 axes of symmetry connecting oppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abelian Group
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after early 19th century mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. The concept of an abelian group underlies many fundamental algebraic structures, such as fields, rings, vector spaces, and algebras. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood and fully classified. Definition An abelian group is a set A, together with an operation \cdot that combines any two elements a and b of A to form another element of A, denoted a \cdot b. The symbo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
