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Yunca–Puruhan Languages
Chimuan (also Chimúan) or Yuncan (Yunga–Puruhá, Yunca–Puruhán) is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador (inter-Andean valley). Family division Chimuan consisted of three attested languages: * Chimuan ** Mochica ( Yunga, Chimú) ** Cañar–Puruhá *** Cañari ( Cañar, Kanyari) *** Puruhá ( Puruwá, Puruguay) All languages are now extinct. Campbell (2012) classifies Mochica and Cañar–Puruhá each as separate language families. Mochica was one of the major languages of pre-Columbian South America. It was documented by Fernando de la Carrera and Middendorff in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. It became extinct ca. 1950, although some people remember a few words. Adelaar & Muysken (2004) consider Mochica a language isolate for now. Cañari and Puruhá are documented with only a few words. These two languages are usually connected with Mochica. However, as their documentation level is so low, it may not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chimuan Languages
Chimuan (also Chimúan) or Yuncan (Yunga–Puruhá, Yunca–Puruhán) is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador (inter-Andean valley). Family division Chimuan consisted of three attested languages: * Chimuan ** Mochica ( Yunga, Chimú) ** Cañar–Puruhá *** Cañari ( Cañar, Kanyari) *** Puruhá ( Puruwá, Puruguay) All languages are now extinct. Campbell (2012) classifies Mochica and Cañar–Puruhá each as separate language families. Mochica was one of the major languages of pre-Columbian South America. It was documented by Fernando de la Carrera and Middendorff in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. It became extinct ca. 1950, although some people remember a few words. Adelaar & Muysken (2004) consider Mochica a language isolate for now. Cañari and Puruhá are documented with only a few words. These two languages are usually connected with Mochica. However, as their documentation level is so low, it may not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained many unpublished materials and therefore greatly improved upon previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. *reviewed in References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from Czechoslovakia Historical linguists Linguists of Indigenous lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uru–Chipaya Languages
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia. The speakers were originally fishermen on the shores of Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó, and the Desaguadero River. Chipaya has over a thousand speakers and sees vigorous use in the native community, but all other Uru languages or dialects are extinct. Loukotka (1968) also lists the Chango language, once spoken on the coast of Chile from Huasco to Cobija in Antofagasta Province. According to Loukotka that population would have been Araucanized at some point in history. More modern classifications leave it unclassified, as only proper names and placenames are known (Mason 1950). Proposed external relationships Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Pukina, Pano, Jaqi, Kechua, Mapudungun Mapuche ( , ; from 'land' and 'people', mean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayan Languages
The Mayan languages In linguistics, it is conventional to use ''Mayan'' when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language. In other academic fields, ''Maya'' is the preferred usage, serving as both a singular and plural noun, and as the adjective, adjectival form. form a language family spoken in Mesoamerica, both in the south of Mexico and northern Central America. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million Maya peoples, Maya people, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name,Achiʼ is counted as a variant of Kʼicheʼ by the Guatemalan government. and Mexico Languages of Mexico, recognizes eight within its territory. The Mayan language family is one of the best-documented and most studied in the south Americas. Modern Mayan languages descend from the Proto-Mayan language, thought to have been spoken at least 5,000 years ago; it has been partially historical linguistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maya–Yunga–Chipayan Languages
The Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages are a proposed macrofamily linking the Chimuan, Uru–Chipaya, and Mayan language families of the Americas. The macrofamily was proposed by Stark (1972). However, it has not gained widespread acceptance among linguists. Classification Stark's (1972) classification is as follows. *Maya–Yunga–Chipayan **Mayan **Chimu–Chipayan *** Uru–Chipaya *** Chimuan **** Yunga (Mochica) **** Cañari–Puruhá ****? Sechura–Catacao ( Tallán) Tovar (1961), partly based on Schmidt (1926),Schmidt, Wilhelm (1926). ''Die Sprachfamilien und Sprachenkreise der Erde'', p. 214. Heidelberg. adds Tallán ( Sechura–Catacao) to Chimuan (which he calls ''Yunga-Puruhá''). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972). Lexical comparisons Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan Mayan most commonly refers to: * Maya peoples, various indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and northern Central America * Maya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catacaos Language
The Catacaoan languages are an extinct family of three languages spoken in the Piura Region of Peru. The three languages in the family are: * Catacao or Katakao, once spoken around the city of Catacaos * Colán or Kolán, once spoken between the Piura River and Chira River *Chira or Lachira or Tangarará, once spoken along the Chira River. It is unattested. *Terrence Kaufman Terrence Kaufman (1937 – March 3, 2022) was an American linguist specializing in documentation of unwritten languages, lexicography, Mesoamerican historical linguistics and language contact phenomena. He was an emeritus professor of linguistic ... includes the Leco language in the Catacaoan group. Catacao and Colán are frequently subsumed into the extinct Tallán language as dialects, thus making the Catacaoan family synonymous with Tallán. Vocabulary comparison Genetic relations Loukota compares Catacaoan to the Culle language and the Sechura language but does not make any claims about gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sechura Language
The Sechura language, also known as Sek, is an extinct language spoken in the Department of Piura of Peru, near the port of Sechura. It appears to have become extinct by the beginning of the 20th century. The only documentation is that of an 1863 word list by Richard Spruce, as well as a word list by Bishop MartÃnez Compañón (1782–1790).MartÃnez Compañón, Baltasar Jaime. 1985 782-1790 ''Trujillo del Perú en el siglo XVIII'', vol. 2. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica. Classification Sechura is too poorly known to be definitively classified. Kaufman notes that a connection between Sechura and the Catacaoan languages is likely and is supported by lexical evidence. Sek family Rivet groups Sechura and Tallán together under the same ''Sek'' when he compares them to the Catacaoan languages. In comparing word lists from Sechura and Tallán, Torero finds six likely cognates between the two: However, ''Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliograp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sek Language
The Sechura language, also known as Sek, is an extinct language spoken in the Department of Piura of Peru, near the port of Sechura. It appears to have become extinct by the beginning of the 20th century. The only documentation is that of an 1863 word list by Richard Spruce, as well as a word list by Bishop MartÃnez Compañón (1782–1790).MartÃnez Compañón, Baltasar Jaime. 1985 782-1790 ''Trujillo del Perú en el siglo XVIII'', vol. 2. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica. Classification Sechura is too poorly known to be definitively classified. Kaufman notes that a connection between Sechura and the Catacaoan languages is likely and is supported by lexical evidence. Sek family Rivet groups Sechura and Tallán together under the same ''Sek'' when he compares them to the Catacaoan languages. In comparing word lists from Sechura and Tallán, Torero finds six likely cognates between the two: However, ''Glottolog'' says the data is not compelling. Vocabulary MartÃnez ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cañari Language
Cañar or Cañari is a poorly attested extinct language of the Marañón River basin in Ecuador which is difficult to classify, apart from being apparently related to Puruhá, though it may have been Chimuan or Barbacoan. (See Cañari–Puruhá languages.) It was the original language of the Cañari people before its replacement by Kichwa and later Spanish. Cañari substratum in Cañar Quichua According to Urban (2018), modern-day Cañar Quichua (spoken in Cañar Province, Ecuador) has a Cañari substratum Substrata, plural of substratum, may refer to: *Earth's substrata, the geologic layering of the Earth *''Hypokeimenon'', sometimes translated as ''substratum'', a concept in metaphysics *Substrata (album), a 1997 ambient music album by Biosphere * ..., which can be seen in the phonology and lexicon of the dialect. Below is a list of Cañar Quichua words with Barbacoan lexical parallels, and hence likely to be words of Cañari origin. The words were compiled by Ur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
