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Xyleborinus Saxeseni
''Xyleborinus saxesenii'', commonly known as the fruit-tree pinhole borer, is a species of ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is native to the Palaearctic region but has been introduced in many locations, including North America. ''X. saxesenii'' typically live in freshly dead wood, but it has also been reported to attack live trees. Such attacks on live trees may lead to economic damage. Like other ambrosia beetles, ''Xyleborinus saxesenii'' has a symbiotic relationship with ambrosia fungi, particularly the ''Raffaela sulfurea'' species. ''X. saxesenii'' inoculate the wood in which they inhabit with the fungus and farm it to utilize it as a food resource. Although there are benefits to farming fungi, there are also costs in the form of microbes and pathogens that infiltrate these fungal farms. ''X. saxesenii'' are a haplodiploid species that have a heavily biased sex ratio in favor of females. Males do not contribute much to the productivity of the nests, and ty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg
Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg (16 February 1801– 24 October 1871) was a German zoologist, botanist, entomologist, and forester. Biography Ratzeburg was born in Berlin, the son of a professor at the veterinary school of the University of Berlin. He studied medicine and natural sciences in Berlin and was primarily interested in botany. He became a private lecturer at the University of Berlin in 1828, when he was in contact with Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt. Two years later, he became professor of natural history there at the invitation of Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Pfeil (1783-1859). He founded the botanic garden of forestry at Eberswalde, working there until his retirement in 1869. He returned to Berlin, where he resided until his death. Ratzeburg was the author of important works on forestry and forest entomology, and is considered the founder of the latter discipline. He was notably interested in parasitic species. From 1827 to 1834, he wrote ''Medizinische Zo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspergillus
'''' () is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide. ''Aspergillus'' was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an ''aspergillum'' (holy water sprinkler), from Latin ''spargere'' (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all ''Aspergillus'' species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of ''Aspergillus'' are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance. Taxonomy Species ''Aspergillus'' consists of 837 species of fungi. Growth and distribution ''Aspergillus'' is defined as a group of conidial fungi—that is, fungi in an asexual state. Some of them, however, are known to have a teleomorph (sexual state) in the Ascomycota. With DNA evidence, all members of the genus '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a East Thrace, small portion on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Cyprus is located off the south coast. Turkish people, Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. Ankara is Turkey's capital, while Istanbul is its list of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city and financial centre. One of the world's earliest permanently Settler, settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to important Neol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordu Province
Ordu Province ( tr, ) is a province of Turkey, located on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest, Tokat to the southwest, Sivas to the south, and Giresun to the east. Its license-plate code is 52. The capital of the province is the city of Ordu. Etymology ''Ordu'' is the word for 'army' in current Turkish, originally meaning 'army camp', during the Ottoman Empire an army outpost was set up near the present day city. The city, and later the province, derived its name from this. Geography Ordu is a strip of Black Sea coast and the hills behind, historically an agricultural and fishing area and in recent years, tourism has seen an increase, mainly visitors from Russia and Georgia, as Ordu boasts some of the best beaches, rivers, and lush, green mountains on the Black Sea coast. Walking in the high pastures is now a popular excursion for Turkish holidaymakers. The higher altitudes are covered in forest. Melet River, Bolaman River, Elekçi Ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samsun Province
Samsun Province ( tr, Samsun ili) is a Provinces of Turkey, province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast with a population of 1,252,693 (2010). Its adjacent provinces are Sinop Province, Sinop on the northwest, Çorum Province, Çorum on the west, Amasya Province, Amasya on the south, Tokat Province, Tokat on the southeast on the east. Its Turkish car number plates#Location codes, traffic code is 55. The provincial capital is Samsun, one of the most populated cities in Turkey. History Surgical instruments are manufactured in the province today and were 4000 years ago. The founder of the Turkey, Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, started the Turkish War of Independence here on May 19, 1919. Geography Lakes Ladik Lake, Akgöl, Dumanlı lake, Semenlik lake. Rivers Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak, Terme river, Aptal Suyu, Mert Irmağı, Kürtün Suyu. Forest There are also small areas of bottomland forest. Districts Samsun province is divided into 17 Dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratocystis
''Ceratocystis'' is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratocystidaceae. Several species are important plant pathogens, causing diseases such as oak wilt and pineapple black rot. Species *''Ceratocystis acericola'' *''Ceratocystis acoma'' *''Ceratocystis adiposa'' *''Ceratocystis aequivaginata'' *''Ceratocystis albida'' *''Ceratocystis albofundus'' *''Ceratocystis angusticoolis'' *''Ceratocystis antennaroidospora'' *''Ceratocystis arborea'' *''Ceratocystis asteroides'' *''Ceratocystis atrox'' *''Ceratocystis autographa'' *''Ceratocystis bhutanensis'' *''Ceratocystis brunneocrinita'' *''Ceratocystis bunae'' *''Ceratocystis buxi'' *''Ceratocystis cacaofunesta'' *''Ceratocystis californica'' *''Ceratocystis capitata'' *''Ceratocystis caryae'' *''Ceratocystis castaneae'' *''Ceratocystis catoniana'' *''Ceratocystis chinaeucensis'' *''Ceratocystis coerulescens'' *''Ceratocystis colombiana'' *''Ceratocystis columnaris'' *''Ceratocystis comata'' *''Ceratocystis concentrica'' *''Ceratocystis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction. Prominent examples include most vascular plants engaged in mutualistic interactions with mycorrhizae, flowering plants being pollinated by animals, vascular plants being dispersed by animals, and corals with zooxanthellae, among many others. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences ''reduced'' fitness, and exploitation, or parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. The term ''mutualism'' was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book ''Animal Parasites and Messmates'' to mean "mutual aid among species". Mutualism is often conflated with two other types of ecological phenomena: cooperation and symbiosis. Cooperation most commonly refers to increases in fitness through within-species (intraspecific) interactions, althoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most animals and some plants. Differences may include secondary sex characteristics, size, weight, colour, markings, or behavioural or cognitive traits. These differences may be subtle or exaggerated and may be subjected to sexual selection and natural selection. The opposite of dimorphism is ''monomorphism'', which is when both biological sexes are phenotypically indistinguishable from each other. Overview Ornamentation and coloration Common and easily identified types of dimorphism consist of ornamentation and coloration, though not always apparent. A difference in coloration of sexes within a given species is called sexual dichromatism, which is commonly seen in many species of birds and reptiles. Sexual selection leads to the exaggerated dim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elytron
An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alternatively spelled as "hemielytra"), and in most species only the basal half is thickened while the apex is membranous, but when they are entirely thickened the condition is referred to as "coleopteroid". An elytron is sometimes also referred to as a shard. Description The elytra primarily serve as protective wing-cases for the hindwings underneath, which are used for flying. To fly, a beetle typically opens the elytra and then extends the hindwings, flying while still holding the elytra open, though many beetles in the families Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae can fly with the elytra closed (e.g., most Cetoniinae; ). In a number of groups, the elytra are reduced to various degrees, (e.g., the beetle families Staphylinidae and Ripiphoridae), o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pronotum
The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side. The prothorax never bears wings in extant insects (except in some cases of atavism), though some fossil groups possessed wing-like projections. All adult insects possess legs on the prothorax, though in a few groups (e.g., the butterfly family Nymphalidae) the forelegs are greatly reduced. In many groups of insects, the pronotum is reduced in size, but in a few it is hypertrophied, such as in all beetles (Coleoptera). In most treehoppers (family Membracidae, order Hemiptera), the pronotum is expanded into often fantastic shapes that enhance their camouflage or mimicry. Similarly, in the Tetrigidae, the pronotum is extended backward to cover the flight wings, supplanting the function of the tegmina. See also *Glossary of entomolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xyleborinus Saxeseni Lateral
''Xyleborinus'' is a genus of typical bark beetles in the family Curculionidae. There are more than 80 described species in ''Xyleborinus''. Species These 89 species belong to the genus ''Xyleborinus'': * '' Xyleborinus aduncus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus aemulus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus alienus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus alni'' Niijima, 1909 * '' Xyleborinus andrewesi'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus angustior'' Hulcr, Dole, Beaver & Cognato, 2007 * '' Xyleborinus ankius'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus armatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus artelineatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus artestriatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus aspericauda'' (Eggers, 1941) * '' Xyleborinus attenuatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus beaveri'' Beaver & Browne (Browne in), 1978 * '' Xyleborinus bicornatulus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * ''Xyleborinus buscki'' Bright, 1981c * '' Xyleborinus celatus'' Wood, 1974a * '' Xylebori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xyleborinus Saxeseni Dorsal
''Xyleborinus'' is a genus of typical bark beetles in the family Curculionidae. There are more than 80 described species in ''Xyleborinus''. Species These 89 species belong to the genus ''Xyleborinus'': * '' Xyleborinus aduncus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus aemulus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus alienus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus alni'' Niijima, 1909 * '' Xyleborinus andrewesi'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus angustior'' Hulcr, Dole, Beaver & Cognato, 2007 * '' Xyleborinus ankius'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus armatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus artelineatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus artestriatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus aspericauda'' (Eggers, 1941) * '' Xyleborinus attenuatus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * '' Xyleborinus beaveri'' Beaver & Browne (Browne in), 1978 * '' Xyleborinus bicornatulus'' Wood & Bright, 1992 * ''Xyleborinus buscki'' Bright, 1981c * '' Xyleborinus celatus'' Wood, 1974a * '' Xylebori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
