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Xeromyces
''Xeromyces'' is a monotypic genus of fungus in the family Monascaceae. Its only species, ''Xeromyces bisporus'', was first described by L.R. Fraser in 1954. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. It is a xerophile, being able to germinate at a water activity levels between 0.62 and 0.97,Pitt, J. I., and J. H. B. Christian"Water relations of xerophilic fungi isolated from prunes."Applied Microbiology 16.12 (1968): 1853-1858. lower than any other known organism with the exception of '' Aspergillus penicillioides''.Stevenson, A., Hamill, P. G., O'kane, C. J., Kminek, G., Rummel, J. D., Voytek, M. A., Dijksterhuis, J., and Hallsworth, J. E"Aspergillus penicillioides differentiation and cell division at 0.585 water activity." Environmental Microbiology 19.2 (2017):687-697. However, it requires a higher water activity level to produce spores. It is a Food spoilage, spoilage microbe in dry foods with high sugar contents, especially chocolate, honey, molasses, dried fruit o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monascaceae
Monascaceae is a family of fungi in the subclass Eurotiomycetidae. Genera According to Mycobank, Monascaceae is currently subdivided as follows: * '' Allescheria'' * '' Backusia'' * '' Basipetospora'' * '' Eurotiella'' * '' Fraseriella'' * ''Monascus'' * '' Physomyces'' * ''Xeromyces ''Xeromyces'' is a monotypic genus of fungus in the family Monascaceae. Its only species, ''Xeromyces bisporus'', was first described by L.R. Fraser in 1954. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life. It is a xerophile, being able to ...'' References Eurotiomycetes Ascomycota families {{Ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotypic Taxon
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. In botanical nomenclature, a monotypic genus is a genus in the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described. In contrast, an oligotypic taxon contains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa. Examples Just as the term ''monotypic'' is used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are: Plants * In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus, '' Amborella'', and in this genus there is only one species, namely ''Amborella trichopoda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lilian Ross Fraser
Lilian Ross Fraser (1908– 5 October 1987) was an Australian botanist. She became the first woman inducted as a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. Career Fraser was born in 1908, she was the daughter of Mr and Mrs C. Fraser of Pennant Hills. After graduating from Sydney Girls' High School, she attended the University of Sydney where she earned her Bachelor of Science degree. Fraser then conducted her postgraduate research at her Alma mater which included a study of the taxonomy of sooty moulds. She conducted fieldwork alongside Joyce Winifred Vickery of the Barrington Tops National Park rainforest species in the 1930s before earning her Master's degree. Fraser and Vickery co-discovered Lomandra hystrix , which they published in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 62: 286 1937. Fraser eventually became the first Australian female to earn a Doctorate of Science in New South Wales by 1937. Upon receiving her doctorate, she also became the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalogue Of Life
The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue is used by research scientists, citizen scientists, educators, and policy makers. The Catalogue is also used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Barcode of Life Data System, Encyclopedia of Life, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The Catalogue currently compiles data fro165 peer-reviewed taxonomic databasesthat are maintained by specialist institutions around the world. , the COL Checklist lists 2,067,951 of the world's 2.2m extant species known to taxonomists on the planet at present time. Structure The Catalogue of Life employs a simple data structure to provide information on synonymy, grouping within a taxonomic hierarchy, common names, distribution and ecological environment. It pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerophile
A xerophile () is an extremophilic organism that can grow and reproduce in conditions with a low availability of water, also known as water activity. Water activity (aw) is measured as the humidity above a substance relative to the humidity above pure water (Aw = 1.0). Xerophiles are "xerotolerant", meaning tolerant of dry conditions. They can often survive in environments with water activity below 0.8; above which is typical for most life on Earth. Typically xerotolerance is used with respect to matric drying, where a substance has a low water concentration. These environments include arid desert soils. The term osmotolerance is typically applied to organisms that can grow in solutions with high solute concentrations (salts, sugars), such as halophiles. The common food preservation method of reducing water (food drying) activities may not prevent the growth of xerophilic organisms, often resulting in food spoilage. Some mold and yeast species are xerophilic. Mold growth on bre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Activity
Water activity (''aw'') is the partial vapor pressure of water in a solution divided by the standard state partial vapor pressure of water. In the field of food science, the standard state is most often defined as pure water at the same temperature. Using this particular definition, pure distilled water has a water activity of exactly one. Water activity is the thermodynamic activity of water as solvent and the relative humidity of the surrounding air after equilibration. As temperature increases, ''aw'' typically increases, except in some products with crystalline salt or sugar. Water migrates from areas of high ''aw'' to areas of low ''aw''. For example, if honey (''aw'' ≈ 0.6) is exposed to humid air (''aw'' ≈ 0.7), the honey absorbs water from the air. If salami (''aw'' ≈ 0.87) is exposed to dry air (''aw'' ≈ 0.5), the salami dries out, which could preserve it or spoil it. Lower ''aw'' substances tend to support fewer microorganisms since these get desiccated by th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspergillus Penicillioides
''Aspergillus penicillioides'' is a species of fungus in the genus ''Aspergillus'', and is among the most xerophilic fungi. ''Aspergillus penicillioides'' is typically found in indoor air, house dust, and on substrates with low water activity, such as dried food, papers affected by foxing, and inorganic objects such as binocular lenses. The distribution of the fungus is worldwide; it has been found in bed dust from maritime temperate, Mediterranean, and tropical climates. The abundance of the fungus is influenced by outdoor climate, with highest numbers found in tropics and lowest numbers in cool climates. Cool temperature tends to decrease number of ''A. penicillioides'' in house dust. A colony can arise from a single sexual or asexual spore under acidic conditions, and its diameter ranges from less than a milliliter to several centimeters, depending on the size and composition of the substrate. Germination of ''A. penicillioides'' was found to occur at lower water activi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food Spoilage
Food spoilage is the process where a food product becomes unsuitable to ingest by the consumer. The cause of such a process is due to many outside factors as a side-effect of the type of product it is, as well as how the product is packaged and stored. Due to food spoilage, one-third of the world's food produced for the consumption of humans is lost every year. Bacteria and various fungi are the cause of spoilage and can create serious consequences for the consumers, but there are preventive measures that can be taken. Bacteria Bacteria are responsible for some of the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down the food, acids and other waste products are generated in the process. While the bacteria itself may or may not be harmful, the waste products may be unpleasant to taste or may even be harmful to one's health. There are two types of pathogenic bacteria that target different categories of food. The first type is called ''Clostridium botulinum'' and targets food such as me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleistothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascus
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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