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XOR Gate
XOR gate (sometimes EOR, or EXOR and pronounced as Exclusive OR) is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive disjunction, exclusive or (\nleftrightarrow) from mathematical logic; that is, a true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. A way to remember XOR is "must have one or the other but not both". An XOR gate may serve as a "programmable inverter" in which one input determines whether to invert the other input, or to simply pass it along with no change. Hence it functions as a Inverter (logic gate), inverter (a NOT gate) which may be activated or deactivated by a switch. XOR can also be viewed as addition Modular arithmetic, modulo 2. As a result, XOR gates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Truth Table
A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. In particular, truth tables can be used to show whether a propositional expression is true for all legitimate input values, that is, logically valid. A truth table has one column for each input variable (for example, A and B), and one final column showing all of the possible results of the logical operation that the table represents (for example, A XOR B). Each row of the truth table contains one possible configuration of the input variables (for instance, A=true, B=false), and the result of the operation for those values. A proposition's truth table is a graphical representation of its truth function. The truth function can be more useful for mathema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exclusive Or
Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true inputs is odd. It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true. XOR ''excludes'' that case. Some informal ways of describing XOR are "one or the other but not both", "either one or the other", and "A or B, but not A and B". It is symbolized by the prefix operator J Translated as and by the infix operators XOR (, , or ), EOR, EXOR, \dot, \overline, \underline, , \oplus, \nleftrightarrow, and \not\equiv. Definition The truth table of A\nleftrightarrow B shows that it outputs true whenever the inputs differ: Equivalences, elimination, and introduction Exclusive disjunction essentially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XOR Gate Implemented With Pass Gates
Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true inputs is odd. It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true. XOR ''excludes'' that case. Some informal ways of describing XOR are "one or the other but not both", "either one or the other", and "A or B, but not A and B". It is symbolized by the prefix operator J Translated as and by the infix operators XOR (, , or ), EOR, EXOR, \dot, \overline, \underline, , \oplus, \nleftrightarrow, and \not\equiv. Definition The truth table of A\nleftrightarrow B shows that it outputs true whenever the inputs differ: Equivalences, elimination, and introduction Exclusive disjunction essentially me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pass Transistor Logic
In electronics, pass transistor logic (PTL) describes several logic families used in the design of integrated circuits. It reduces the count of transistors used to make different logic gates, by eliminating redundant transistors. Transistors are used as switches to pass logic levels between nodes of a circuit, instead of as switches connected directly to supply voltages. This reduces the number of active devices, but has the disadvantage that the difference of the voltage between high and low logic levels decreases at each stage (since pass transistors have some resistance and do not provide level restoration). Each transistor in series is less saturated at its output than at its input. If several devices are chained in series in a logic path, a conventionally constructed gate may be required to restore the signal voltage to the full value. By contrast, conventional CMOS logic switches transistors so the output connects to one of the power supply rails (resembling an open collector s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Gate
A transmission gate (TG) is an analog gate similar to a relay that can conduct in both directions or block by a control signal with almost any voltage potential. It is a CMOS-based switch, in which PMOS passes a strong 1 but poor 0, and NMOS passes strong 0 but poor 1. Both PMOS and NMOS work simultaneously. Structure In principle, a transmission gate is made up of two field-effect transistors (FET), in which – in contrast to traditional discrete field-effect transistors – the substrate terminal (bulk) is not connected internally to the source terminal. The two transistors, an n-channel MOSFET and a p-channel MOSFET, are connected in parallel with the drain and source terminals of the two transistors connected together. Their gate terminals are connected to each other by a NOT gate (inverter), to form the control terminal. Unlike with discrete FETs, the substrate terminal is not connected to the source connection. Instead, the substrate terminals are connected to the resp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
I386
The Intel 386, originally released as the 80386 and later renamed i386, is the third-generation x86 architecture microprocessor from Intel. It was the first 32-bit processor in the line, making it a significant evolution in the x86 architecture. Pre-production samples of the 386 were released to select developers in 1985, while mass production commenced in 1986. The 386 was the central processing unit (CPU) of many workstations and high-end personal computers of the time. The 386 began to fall out of public use starting with the release of the i486 processor in 1989, while in embedded systems the 386 remained in widespread use until Intel finally discontinued it in 2007. Compared to its predecessor the Intel 80286 ("286"), the 80386 added a three-stage instruction pipeline which it brings up to total of 6-stage instruction pipeline, extended the architecture from 16-bits to 32-bits, and added an on-chip memory management unit. This paging translation unit made it muc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flip-flop (electronics)
In electronics, flip-flops and latches are electronic circuit, circuits that have two stable states that can store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will output its state (often along with its logical complement too). It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems. Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements to store a single ''bit'' (binary digit) of data; one of its two states represents a "one" and the other represents a "zero". Such data storage can be used for storage of ''state (computer science), state'', and such a circuit is described as sequential logic in electronics. When used in a finite-state machine, the output and next state depend not only on its current input, but also on its current stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Field-effect Transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: ''source'', ''gate'', and ''drain''. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source. FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor). History The concept of a field-effect transistor (FET) was first patented by the Austr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", , ) is a type of MOSFET, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) semiconductor device fabrication, fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type semiconductor, p-type and n-type semiconductor, n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including Nonvolatile BIOS memory, CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensors), data conversion, data converters, RF circuits (RF CMOS), and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. In 1948, Bardeen and Brattain patented an insulated-gate transistor (IGFET) with an inversion layer. Bardeen's concept forms the basis of CMOS technology today. The CMOS process was presented by Fairchild Semico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OR-AND-invert
OR-AND-invert gates, or OAI-gates, are logic gates comprising OR gates followed by a NAND gate. They can be efficiently implemented in logic families like CMOS and Transistor–transistor logic, TTL. They are Duality_(mathematics)#Duality_in_logic_and_set_theory, dual to AND-OR-invert gates. Overview OR-AND-invert gates implement the inverted product of sums. n groups of m_i, m_i \ge 1, i=1\ldots n input signals combined with OR gate, OR, and the results then combined with NAND gate, NAND. Examples 2-1 OAI-gate A 2-1-OAI gate realizes the following function: : Y = \overline 2-2 OAI gate A 2-2-OAI gate realizes the following function: : Y = \overline Realization OAI-gates can efficiently be implemented as complex gates. An example of a 3-1 OAI-gate is shown in the figure below. Examples of use One possibility of implementing an XOR gate is by using a 2-2-OAI-gate with non-inverted and inverted inputs. References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AND-OR-Invert
AND-OR-invert (AOI) logic and AOI gates are two-level compound (or complex) logic functions constructed from the combination of one or more AND gates followed by a NOR gate (equivalent to an OR gate through an Inverter gate, which is the "OI" part of "AOI"). Construction of AOI cells is particularly efficient using CMOS technology, where the total number of transistor gates can be compared to the same construction using NAND logic or NOR logic. The complement of AOI logic is OR-AND-invert (OAI) logic, where the OR gates precede a NAND gate. Overview Most logic optimization result in a Canonical normal form, sum-of-products or product-of-sums logic expression. AOI is used for sum-of-products, the variables are ANDed to form minterms which are ORed together then inverted: * is known as a AOI 2-1 gate. * is known as a AOI 2-2 gate. * is known as a AOI 3-3 gate. * is known as a AOI 4-4 gate. * is known as a AOI 4-3-2 gate. * and other variations. Examples AOI gates perform one or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MOSFET
upright=1.3, Two power MOSFETs in amperes">A in the ''on'' state, dissipating up to about 100 watt">W and controlling a load of over 2000 W. A matchstick is pictured for scale. In electronics, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, MOS FET, or MOS transistor) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon. It has an insulated gate, the voltage of which determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. The term ''metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistor'' (''MISFET'') is almost synonymous with ''MOSFET''. Another near-synonym is ''insulated-gate field-effect transistor'' (''IGFET''). The main advantage of a MOSFET is that it requires almost no input current to control the load current under steady-state or low-frequency conditions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
