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Wöhler
Wöhler may refer to: ; People * August Wöhler (1819–1914), German engineer * Cordula Wöhler (1845–1916), German writer and hymnwriter * Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), German chemist * Otto Wöhler (1894 in Burgwedel – 1987 in Burgwedel), German general * Jürgen (Otto) Wöhler (born 1950 in Oberlahnstein), German lawyer and manager ; Other * Wöhler (crater), a crater on Earth's moon * Wöhler curves used in mechanical fatigue analysis * Wöhler process, a chemical process used in the production of aluminum * Wöhler synthesis The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns ..., the chemical reaction in which ammonium cyanate is converted into urea See also * Wohlers {{DEFAULTSORT:Woehler German-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler () FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds, including silane and silicon nitride. Wöhler is known for seminal contributions in organic chemistry, in particular, the Wöhler synthesis of urea. His synthesis of the organic compound urea in the laboratory from inorganic substances contradicted the belief that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms due to a "life force". However, the exact extent of Wöhler's role in diminishing the belief in vitalism is considered by some to be questionable. Biography Friedrich Wöhler was born in Eschersheim, Germany, and was the son of a veterinarian. As a boy, he showed interest in mineral collecting, drawing, and science. His secondary education was at the Frankfurt Gymnasium. Durin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
August Wöhler
August Wöhler (22 June 1819 – 21 March 1914) was a German railway engineer, best remembered for his systematic investigations of metal fatigue. Life Born in the town of Soltau, Hanover, the son of local teacher Georg Heinrich Wöhler, he showed early mathematical ability and won a scholarship to study at the Higher Vocational College of Hannover from 1835, under the direction of Karl Karmarsch. In 1840, he was recruited to the Borsig works in Berlin where he worked on the manufacture of rail tracks. In 1843, after a brief stay in Hannover, he started to receive instruction in locomotive driving in Belgium, returning as an engineer on the Hanover-Brunswick line of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways. By 1847, Wöhler was chief superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Marcher railway in Frankfurt (Oder). The railroad was nationalised by the Prussian state railways in 1852 and Wöhler's growing reputation led to his appointment by the Prussian Prussia, , O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cordula Wöhler
Cordula Wöhler, later Cordula Schmid, pseudonym Cordula Peregrina (17 June 1845 – 6 February 1916) was a German author of Christian literature and hymns, whose " Segne du, Maria" is among the most popular Marian hymns in German-speaking countries. She had written the poem when she, the daughter of a Lutheran pastor, converted to Catholicism. Expelled from home in northern Germany, she moved to Austria and became a recognised author of Christian literature. Life Born in Malchin, Mecklenburg, Cordula Wöhler was the oldest daughter of (1814–1884) and his wife Cordula née Banck (1822–1900). When she was born, her father, a Lutheran theologian, was head of a school in Malchin. Her mother was the daughter of a merchant from Stralsund. When her father took office as pastor in Lichtenhagen near Rostock in 1856, she found a 15th-century Pietà in the . Impressed by the sculpture, she developed Marian devotions. She began a correspondence with Catholic authors including Chri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Wöhler
Otto Wöhler (12 July 1894 – 5 February 1987) was a German general in the Wehrmacht and a war criminal during World War II. He rose to a corps and army level commander. Wöhler was implicated in the Einsatzgruppe activities while serving as Chief of Staff of the 11th Army in early 1942. After the war, he was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the High Command trial and sentenced to 8 years. He was released in February 1951. World War II Wöhler fought in World War I and served in the post-war Reichswehr and in then the Wehrmacht in several staff roles. Between October 1940 and May 1942, Wöhler served as chief of staff of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's 11th Army. In this capacity Wöhler cooperated closely with the Einsatzgruppe D under Otto Ohlendorf. At one point, he requested that all watches belonging to the killed Jews be turned over to the army. Wöhler was then appointed chief of staff of Army Group Center under Field Marshal Günther von Klu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wöhler Synthesis
The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate, this salt appears only as an (unstable) intermediate. Wöhler demonstrated the reaction in his original publication with different sets of reactants: a combination of cyanic acid and ammonia, a combination of silver cyanate and ammonium chloride, a combination of lead cyanate and ammonia and finally from a combination of mercury cyanate and cyanatic ammonia (which is again cyanic acid with ammonia). Modified versions of the Wöhler synthesis The reaction can be demonstrated by starting with solutions of potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride which are mixed, heated and cooled again. An additional proof of the chemical transformation is obtained by adding a solution of oxalic acid which forms urea ox ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatigue (material)
In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a critical size, which occurs when the stress intensity factor of the crack exceeds the fracture toughness of the material, producing rapid propagation and typically complete fracture of the structure. Fatigue has traditionally been associated with the failure of metal components which led to the term metal fatigue. In the nineteenth century, the sudden failing of metal railway axles was thought to be caused by the metal ''crystallising'' because of the brittle appearance of the fracture surface, but this has since been disproved. Most materials, such as composites, plastics and ceramics, seem to experience some sort of fatigue-related failure. To aid in predicting t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jürgen Wöhler
Jürgen Otto Wöhler (born 10 May 1950, in Oberlahnstein) is a German lawyer and manager. He has served as Secretary General of the Korean-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Seoul from June, 2007, to May, 2012. Education After the Abitur, Wöhler joined the German Army (since 1987 Major) and in 1977 successfully completed his studies in law, economics, history and politics at the University of Tübingen and the University of Geneva. After the first legal state examination in 1977, he went to Georgetown University, Washington D.C., as a research fellow. In 1978 he received a Master in Comparative Law from the University of Strasbourg. In 1980 he completed the second legal state examination in Stuttgart and received the admission to advocacy. Career From 1981 to 1983 Wöhler was executive of the building legislation office as an official of the Interior Ministry of Baden-Württemberg. From 1983 to 1985 he worked as a permanent representative to the State Ministry of Baden- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wöhler (crater)
Wöhler is a small lunar impact crater that lies to the south of the crater Stiborius, in the rugged southeastern highlands of the Moon. It was named after German chemist Friedrich Wöhler Friedrich Wöhler () FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the firs .... To the west-northwest is the battered remnant of Riccius. This is a generally circular crater formation with a slightly eroded outer rim. There is a small crater attached to the western rim. The inner walls slope down to a featureless inner floor. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Wöhler. References * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Wohler (crater) Impact craters on the Moon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wöhler Process
The Wöhler process was one of the first routes for producing aluminium metal. It involves the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium, produced powdered aluminium:Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. . :AlCl3 + 3 K → Al + 3 KCl With advent of more efficient means of electrolysis, e.g., Hall–Héroult process, the Wöhler process and related chemical-based routes became obsolete. History In 1827, Friedrich Wöhler refined a process discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted, a Danish chemist, who first produced impure aluminium in 1825. With the newly made Al metal, he established the specific gravity Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water (molecule), wa ... of aluminium in 1845. References Ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wohlers
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Wohlers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Horst Wohlers (born 1949), German football player and manager * Johan Wohlers (1811–1885), New Zealand missionary * Jürgen Wohlers (born 1945), German basketball player * Mark Wohlers (born 1970), American baseball player * Jacob Wohlers (born 1994), American Man See also * Wöhler Wöhler may refer to: ; People * August Wöhler (1819–1914), German engineer * Cordula Wöhler (1845–1916), German writer and hymnwriter * Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), German chemist * Otto Wöhler (1894 in Burgwedel – 1987 in Burgwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
