|
Writeprint
Writeprint is a method in forensic linguistics of establishing author identification over the internet, likened to a digital fingerprint. Identity is established through a comparison of distinguishing stylometric characteristics of an unknown written text with known samples of the suspected author ( writer invariants). Even without a suspect, writeprint provides potential background characteristics of the author, such as nationality and education. There are five broad aspects to author identification in writeprint: *Lexical features - the analysis of the lexicon, the author's choice of vocabulary, using characters and words to identify preferences of an individual; ** use of uppercase and lowercase letters, frequency of certain letters, average length of word, mean length of the utterance itself *Syntactic features - the analysis of the author's writing style and sentence structure, such as punctuation and hyphenation, use of passive voice, and sentence complexity; *Structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forensic Linguistics
Forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, or language and the law, is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods, and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of applied linguistics. There are principally three areas of application for linguists working in forensic contexts: * understanding language of the written law, * understanding language use in forensic and judicial processes, and * the provision of linguistic evidence. The discipline of forensic linguistics is not homogeneous; it involves a range of experts and researchers in different areas of the field. History The phrase ''forensic linguistics'' first appeared in 1968 when Jan Svartvik, a professor of linguistics, used it in "''The Evans Statements: A Case for Forensic Linguistics"'' an analysis of statements by Timothy John Evans. It was in regard to re-analyzing the statements given to police at Notting Hill police station, England, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stylometry
Stylometry is the application of Stylistics (linguistics), the study of linguistic style, usually to written language. It has also been applied successfully to music and to fine-art paintings as well.Shlomo Argamon, Argamon, Shlomo, Kevin Burns, and Shlomo Dubnov, eds. The structure of style: algorithmic approaches to understanding manner and meaning. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. Another conceptualization defines it as the linguistic discipline that evaluates an author's style through the application of statistical analysis to a body of their work. Stylometry is often used to attribute authorship to Anonymous work, anonymous or disputed documents. It has legal as well as academic and literary applications, ranging from the question of the Shakespeare attribution studies, authorship of Shakespeare's works to forensic linguistics and has methodological similarities with the analysis of text readability. History Stylometry grew out of earlier techniques of analyzing text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Writer Invariant
Writer invariant, also called authorial invariant or author's invariant, is a property of a text which is invariant of its author, that is, it will be similar in all texts of a given author and different in texts of different authors. It can be used to find plagiarism or discover who is real author of anonymously published text. Writer invariant is also an author's pattern of writing a letter in handwritten text recognition. While it is generally recognised that writer invariants exist, it is not agreed what properties of a text should be used. Among the first ones used was distribution of word lengths; other proposed invariants include average sentence length, average word length, noun, verb or adjective usage frequency, vocabulary richness, and frequency of function words, or specific function words. Of these, average sentence lengths can be very similar in works of different authors or vary significantly even within a single work; average word lengths likewise turn out to be ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stylometry
Stylometry is the application of Stylistics (linguistics), the study of linguistic style, usually to written language. It has also been applied successfully to music and to fine-art paintings as well.Shlomo Argamon, Argamon, Shlomo, Kevin Burns, and Shlomo Dubnov, eds. The structure of style: algorithmic approaches to understanding manner and meaning. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. Another conceptualization defines it as the linguistic discipline that evaluates an author's style through the application of statistical analysis to a body of their work. Stylometry is often used to attribute authorship to Anonymous work, anonymous or disputed documents. It has legal as well as academic and literary applications, ranging from the question of the Shakespeare attribution studies, authorship of Shakespeare's works to forensic linguistics and has methodological similarities with the analysis of text readability. History Stylometry grew out of earlier techniques of analyzing text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forensic Linguistics
Forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, or language and the law, is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods, and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of applied linguistics. There are principally three areas of application for linguists working in forensic contexts: * understanding language of the written law, * understanding language use in forensic and judicial processes, and * the provision of linguistic evidence. The discipline of forensic linguistics is not homogeneous; it involves a range of experts and researchers in different areas of the field. History The phrase ''forensic linguistics'' first appeared in 1968 when Jan Svartvik, a professor of linguistics, used it in "''The Evans Statements: A Case for Forensic Linguistics"'' an analysis of statements by Timothy John Evans. It was in regard to re-analyzing the statements given to police at Notting Hill police station, England, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handwriting
Handwriting is the writing done with a writing instrument, such as a pen or pencil, in the hand. Handwriting includes both printing and cursive styles and is separate from formal calligraphy or typeface A typeface (or font family) is the design of lettering that can include variations in size, weight (e.g. bold), slope (e.g. italic), width (e.g. condensed), and so on. Each of these variations of the typeface is a font. There are thousands o .... Because each person's handwriting is unique and different, it can be used to verify a document's writer. The deterioration of a person's handwriting is also a symptom or result of several different diseases. The inability to produce clear and coherent handwriting is also known as dysgraphia. Uniqueness Each person has their own unique style of handwriting, whether it is everyday handwriting or their personal signature. Cultural environment and the characteristics of the written form of the first language that one learns to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cursive
Cursive (also known as script, among other names) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters. It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions; being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", "italic script, italic" or "connected". The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this belief, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected, sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. A study of gradeschool children in 2013 discovered that the speed of their cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexicon
A lexicon is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical). In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word ''lexicon'' derives from Koine Greek language, Greek word (), neuter of () meaning 'of or for words'. Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a grammar, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most affixes). In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions, collocations and other phrases are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionary, Dictionaries are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. Size and organization Items in the le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passive Voice
A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the ''theme'' or ''patient'' of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (''the tree'') denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences. Typically, in passive clauses, what is usually expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb is now expressed by the subject, while what is usually expressed by the subject is either omitted or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus, turning an active sense of a verb into a passive sense is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Author Profiling
Author profiling is the analysis of a given set of texts in an attempt to uncover various characteristics of the author based on stylistic- and content-based features, or to identify the author. Characteristics analysed commonly include age and gender, though more recent studies have looked at other characteristics like personality traits and occupation Author profiling is one of the three major fields in Automatic Authorship Identification (AAI), the other two being authorship attribution and authorship identification. The process of AAI emerged at the end of the 19th century. Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, an American autodidact physicist and meteorologist, was the first to apply this process to the works of Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, and Christopher Marlowe. From these three historic figures, Mendenhall sought to uncover their quantitative stylistic differences by inspecting word lengths. Although much progress has been made in the 21st century, the task of author profili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Applied Linguistics
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, information science, natural language processing, anthropology, and sociology. Domain Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field. Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualism and multilingualism, conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, language assessment, literacies, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second language acquisition, language planning and policy, interlinguistics, stylistics, language teacher education, forensic linguistics, and translation. Journals Major journals of the field include ''Research Methods in Applied Linguistics'', ''Annual Review of Applied Linguistics'', ''Applied Linguistics'', Studies in Second Language Acquisition, ''Applied Psycholinguistics'', ''Internat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
