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Works Constitution Act
The Works Constitution Act 1972 (german: Betriebsverfassungsgesetz, ), abbreviated BetrVG, is a German federal law governing the right of employees to form a works council. History In the Stinnes-Legien Abkommen 1918, at the collapse of the German Reich following World War One an agreement between trade union confederation leader Carl Legien and industrialist leader Hugo Stinnes, it was agreed that capital and labour would cooperate on an equal foot in all aspects of economic management. This was written into the Weimar Constitution, article 165. To implement this principle, in 1920 the legal predecessor '' Betriebsrätegesetz'' (Works Councils Act) mandated consultative bodies for workers in businesses with more than 20 employees. All voting rights and work councils for labour were, however, abolished by Hitler in 1933, and replaced with Nazi controlled management bodies.E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (201623(1) Colu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Germany
The law of Germany (german: das Recht Deutschlands), that being the modern German legal system (german: Deutsches Rechtssystem), is a system of civil law which is founded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws, for example most regulations of the civil code (''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'', or BGB) were developed prior to the 1949 constitution. It is composed of public law (''öffentliches Recht''), which regulates the relations between a citizen/person and the state (including criminal law) or two bodies of the state, and the private law, (''Privatrecht'') which regulates the relations between two people or companies. It has been subject to a wide array of influences from Roman law, such as the Corpus Juris Civilis, to Napoleonic law, such as the Napoleonic Code. History German law has been subject to many influences over the centuries. Until Medieval times the Early Germanic Law, derived from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Unions In Germany
Trade unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848, and still play an important role in the German economy and society. The most important labor organization is the German Confederation of Trade Unions (', or ''DGB''), which is the umbrella association of eight single trade unions for individual economic sectors, representing more than 6 million people . The largest single trade union is the IG Metall, which organizes about 2.3 million members in metal (including automobile and machine building), electronics, steel, textile, wood and synthetics industries. In 2022, half of all German workers were covered by collective bargaining agreements. In Germany, unions and employer associations bargain at the industry-region level. These large-scale agreements have broad coverage and lead to considerable standardization in wages and employment conditions across the country. Some bargaining occurs at the firm level. Current Situation The German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codetermination Act 1976
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes. Background From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The Weimar Constitution 1919 itself said that, “Works and staff are appointed to participate with equal rights together with the company in the regulation of wages and working conditions, as well as in the complete economic development of the producing powers.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Work Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation it was decided that this should be raised. The 1976 Act was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Labour Law
German labour law refers to the regulation of employment relationships and industrial partnerships in Germany. History *General Commission of German Trade Unions (1892–1919) *Free Association of German Trade Unions (1897–1919) *Weimar Constitution 1919 *Betriebsrätegesetz 1920 *Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933) *Free Workers' Union of Germany (1919–1933) * Arbeitsordnungsgesetz of 1934 *German Labour Front, the nationalised Nazi controlled union (1933 to 1945) *Strength Through Joy * Council of Trust and Factory leader *Confederation of German Trade Unions (est 1949) *Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 Courts and constitution *''Grundgesetz'' (1949) "Article 9 (Freedom of association). (1) All Germans have the right to form associations and societies. (2) Associations, the objects or activities of which conflict with the criminal laws or which are directed against the constitutional order or the concept of international understanding, are prohibited. (3) The right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The National Law Review
''The National Law Review'' is an American law journal, daily legal news website and legal analysis content-aggregating database. In both 2020 and 2021, the National Law Review published over 20,000 legal news articles and experienced an uptick in readership averaging 4.3 million readers in both March and April 2020, due to the demand for news regarding the COVID-19 Pandemic. The site offers hourly legal news updates and analysis of recent court decisions, regulatory changes and legislative actions and includes a combinations of original content and content submitted by various professionals in the legal and business communities. The online version of ''The National Law Review'' was started as a research tool by a group of corporate attorneys looking to store and classify useful and reputable legal analysis and news they located on the internet. The National Law Review has grown to one of the most widely read business law websites in the United States. The on-line version cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' of Oxford University Press defines artificial intelligence as: the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google), recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Tesla), automated decision-making and competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codetermination In Germany
Codetermination in Germany is a concept that involves the right of workers to participate in management of the companies they work for. Known as '' Mitbestimmung'', the modern law on codetermination is found principally in the '' Mitbestimmungsgesetz'' of 1976. The law allows workers to elect representatives (usually trade union representatives) for almost half of the supervisory board of directors. The legislation is separate from the main German company law Act for public companies, the ''Aktiengesetz''. It applies to public and private companies, so long as there are over 2,000 employees. For companies with 500–2,000 employees, one third of the supervisory board must be elected. There is also legislation in Germany, known as the '' Betriebsverfassungsgesetz'' whereby workers are entitled to form Works Councils at the local shop floor level. Goals of codetermination Views differ on the goals of codetermination in general. Some social reformers maintain that workers are not mere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurofound
The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) is an agency of the European Union which focuses on managing research, gathering information, and communicating its findings. It was set up in May 1975 by the European Council to help improve living and working conditions across Europe, and was one of the first bodies established to work on a specific subset of EU policy. It is headquartered in Loughlinstown, County Dublin, Ireland. Role and mission The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) describes its role on its own information page as follows: Organisation It maintains a number of specialized operations monitoring and measuring conditions in Europe, including: * thEuropean Observatory of Working Life (EurWORK)* thEuropean Monitoring Centre on Change (EMCC)* thEuropean Restructuring Monitor (ERM)* Regular surveys on European working conditions, quality of life, and company policies on w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Control Council Law No
Control may refer to: Basic meanings Economics and business * Control (management), an element of management * Control, an element of management accounting * Comptroller (or controller), a senior financial officer in an organization * Controlling interest, a percentage of voting stock shares sufficient to prevent opposition * Foreign exchange controls, regulations on trade * Internal control, a process to help achieve specific goals typically related to managing risk Mathematics and science * Control (optimal control theory), a variable for steering a controllable system of state variables toward a desired goal * Controlling for a variable in statistics * Scientific control, an experiment in which "confounding variables" are minimised to reduce error * Control variables, variables which are kept constant during an experiment * Biological pest control, a natural method of controlling pests * Control network in geodesy and surveying, a set of reference points of known geospatial coo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Council
A works council is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of related forms in a number of European countries, including Britain (''joint consultative committee'' or ''employees’ council''); Germany and Austria (''Betriebsrat''); Luxembourg (''comité mixte'', ''délégation du personnel''); the Netherlands (''Dienstcommissie, Ondernemingsraad'') and Flanders in Belgium (''ondernemingsraad''); Italy (''comitato aziendale''); France (''comité social et économique''); Wallonia in Belgium (''conseil d'entreprise''), Spain (''comité de empresa'') and Denmark (''Samarbejdsudvalg'' or ''SU''). One of the most commonly examined (and arguably most successful) implementations of this institution is found in Germany. The model is basically as follows: general labour agreements are made at the national l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims. Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and was raised near Linz. He lived in Vienna later in the first decade of the 1900s and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and was appointed leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
