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Women's Defense Groups
Women's Defence Groups'','' or Defence Groups for Women and for the Assistance of Freedom Fighters ( Italian: ''Gruppi di difesa della donna e per l'assistenza ai combattenti della libertà''), was a multi-party organization of women during the Italian Resistance. Formed in Milan in November 1943, the initiative was spearheaded by the Italian Communist Party, as part their vision for a united front against fascism. The groups had a double objective: engaging in the struggle against the fascist regime while advocating the emancipation and empowerment of women. History The groups were formed collaboratively by women from diverse political backgrounds. Prominent participants included communists Giovanna Barcellona, Lina Fibbi, and Caterina Picolato; socialists Laura Conti and Lina Merlin; actionists Elena Dreher and Ada Gobetti; as well as women associated with the Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom) movement. Republican and Catholic women, along with those without ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partito Comunista Italiano
The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as ''Communist Party of Italy'' on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). Amadeo Bordiga, Antonio Gramsci, and Nicola Bombacci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement. It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II, attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the West, with peak support reaching 2.3 million members, in 1947, and peak share being 34.4% of the vote (12.6 million votes) in the 1976 general election. The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire Marxism–Leninism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s and adhered to the Eurocommunist trend. In 1991, it was dissolved and re-laun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Language
Italian (''italiano'' or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Together with Sardinian, Italian is the least divergent language from Latin. Spoken by about 85 million people (2022), Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland (Ticino and the Grisons), San Marino, and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria (Croatia and Slovenia). Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia.Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy) – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version Itali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resistenza Italiana
The Italian resistance movement (the ''Resistenza italiana'' and ''la Resistenza'') is an umbrella term for the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945. As an anti-fascist movement and organisation, ''La Resistenza'' opposed Nazi Germany, as well as Nazi Germany's Italian puppet state regime, the Italian Social Republic, which was created by the Germans following the Nazi German invasion and military occupation of Italy by the ''Wehrmacht'' and the ''Waffen-SS'' from September 1943 until April 1945 (though general underground Italian resistance and resistance groups to the Fascist Italian government began even prior to World War II). In Nazi-occupied Italy, the Italian anti-fascist resistance fighters, known as the ''partigiani'' ( partisans), fought a ''guerra di liberazione nazionale'', or a war for national liberation, ag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area (whose outer suburbs extend well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city and even stretch into the nearby country of Switzerland) is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also known as Greater Milan), is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.* * * * Milan is considered a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art, chemicals, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a (German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation" characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Fascism rose to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries, most notably Germany. Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, pluralism, liberalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lina Fibbi
Giulietta Fibbi (4 August 1920 – 21 January 2018) was an Italian trade union leader, communist politician and anti-fascist activist. Born in Fiesole in Italy, Fibbi grew up in Lyon, where her socialist father fled to avoid persecution by the fascist government. When she was 15, she began working in a textile mill, and two years later, she became the leader of the Union of French Girls. During World War II, Fibbi was imprisoned in the Rieucros Camp, where she worked closely with Teresa Noce to organise underground education in politics and the Italian language. She was returned to Italy in 1941 and immediately arrested but was released after six months, due to a lack of evidence against her. She was placed under surveillance for two years, and when this ended, she began working for the illegal Italian Communist Party (PCI). She joined the secretariat of the Garibaldi Brigades, and was one of the five founders of the Women's Defense Groups. After the war, Fibbi began worki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laura Conti
Laura Conti (31 March 1921 – 25 May 1993) was an Italian anti-fascist partisan, doctor, environmentalist, socialist politician, feminist, and novelist, considered one of the avant-garde figures of Italian environmentalism. Biography Born in Udine, after having lived in Trieste and Verona, she moved to Milan to attend the Faculty of Medicine. In January 1944 she joined the Youth Front for National Independence and Freedom of Eugenio Curiel. On 4 July she was arrested; after a brief period in San Vittore, she was interned in the Bolzano Transit Camp. She luckily succeeded avoiding deportation to Germany. From this experience came the novel ''La condizione sperimentale''. Once free, she obtained her degree in Medicine. In Milan she also cemented her political commitment: first in the ranks of the Italian Socialist Party, and from 1951 in the Italian Communist Party. She held the positions of provincial councilor from 1960 to 1970 and subsequently, until 1980, of regional counci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lina Merlin
Angelina "Lina" Merlin (15 October 1887 – 16 August 1979) was an Italian politician, perhaps best known for authoring and promoting the so-called " Merlin law" which abolished state-regulated prostitution in Italy. She was also an activist and educator, and took part in the Italian resistance movement. The daughter of Giustina Poli, a teacher, and Fruttuoso Merlin, secretary for the municipality, she was born in Pozzonovo, and grew up in Chioggia. In 1907, she received her diploma, qualifying her to teach elementary school. In 1914, she received her qualification to teach French in middle school, but preferred to continue to teach elementary school. In March 1926, because she refused to take an oath of loyalty to Italy's Fascist government, she was removed from her teaching position. In November of that year, she was sentenced to five years in prison; her sentence was reduced, and she returned to Padua in November 1929. She moved to Milan in 1930; to support herself, she gav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ada Gobetti
Ada Gobetti (1902 – 1968) was an Italian teacher, journalist and anti-fascist leader. She was born Ada Prospero and later remarried to become Ada Marchesini. Biography With her husband Piero Gobetti she contributed to several antifascist magazines, including ''La Rivoluzione Liberale'' which was suppressed in the 1925 by the fascist dictatorship. Her husband was beaten by fascist squads and forced to go into exile in Paris, where he died of bronchitis in 1926. Benedetto Croce encouraged her to resume work. From 1928 she taught English language and literature and translated English texts. In 1937 she married Ettore Marchesini. She helped the Biennio Rosso, kickstarted in Giustizia e Libertà and co-founded the Partito d'Azione. During the war Gobetti kept a diary that could have caused her death. To encrypt it she wrote it in English. This was the basis of her biography. She kept safe-houses during the war. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giustizia E Libertà
Giustizia e Libertà (; en, Justice and Freedom) was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, active from 1929 to 1945.James D. Wilkinson (1981). ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press. p. 224. The movement was cofounded by Carlo Rosselli, Ferruccio Parri, who later became Prime Minister of Italy, and Sandro Pertini, who became President of Italy, were among the movement's leaders. The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. ''Giustizia e Libertà'' also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of Gaetano Salvemini. Italian anti-fascist organization (1929–1940) Foundation The anti-fascist organisation ''Giustizia e Libertà'' was established in 1929 by the Italian refugees Riccardo Bauer, Carlo Rosselli, Emilio Lussu, Alberto Tarchiani, and Ernest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noi Donne
''Noi donne'' (Italian: ''We Women'') is an Italian language monthly feminist magazine published in Rome, Italy. It is one of the most significant feminist publications in the country. History and profile ''Noi donne'' was illegally published between 1937 and 1939 in Paris by the Italian women exiled there before its official start in 1944. Its publication was possible only after the liberation of Rome and the first issue appeared in Naples in July 1944. The founders led by Valentina Palumbo and Adele Cambria were communist women. In the period between 1952 and 1953 the number of the pages was 48. The headquarters of the magazine was moved from Naples to Rome. From 1945 to the 1990s it was the official magazine of the Unione Donne in Italia (UDI; Union of Italian Women). The Union was closely connected to and financed by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). ''Noi donne'' is circulated monthly, and its website was launched in 2004. It was previously published on a weekly basis. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Resistance Movement
The Italian resistance movement (the ''Resistenza italiana'' and ''la Resistenza'') is an umbrella term for the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945. As an anti-fascist movement and organisation, ''La Resistenza'' opposed Nazi Germany, as well as Nazi Germany's Italian puppet state regime, the Italian Social Republic, which was created by the Germans following the Nazi German invasion and military occupation of Italy by the ''Wehrmacht'' and the ''Waffen-SS'' from September 1943 until April 1945 (though general underground Italian resistance and resistance groups to the Fascist Italian government began even prior to World War II). In Nazi-occupied Italy, the Italian anti-fascist resistance fighters, known as the ''partigiani'' ( partisans), fought a ''guerra di liberazione nazionale'', or a war for national liberation, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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