|
Wiluša
Wilusa ( hit, ) or Wilusiya was a Late Bronze Age city in western Anatolia known from references in fragmentary Hittite records. The city is notable for its identification with the archaeological site of Troy, and thus its potential connection to the legendary Trojan War. Identification with Troy Wilusa has been identified with the archaeological site of Troy. This correspondence was first proposed in 1924 by Emil Forrer, who also suggested that the name Ahhiyawa corresponds to the Homeric term for the Greeks, '' Achaeans''. Forrer's work was primarily motivated by linguistic similarities, since "Wilusa" and the associated placename "Taruisa" show striking parallels to the Greek names "Wilios" and "Troia" respectively. Subsequent research on Hittite geography has lent these identifications additional support and they are now generally accepted by scholars, though they are not regarded as firmly established. One alternative hypothesis proposes that Wilusa was located near Be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troy
Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite language, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite language, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, south-west of Çanakkale and about miles east of the Aegean Sea. It is known as the setting for the Greek mythology, Greek myth of the Trojan War. In Ancient Greek literature, Troy is portrayed as a powerful kingdom of the Greek Heroic Age, Heroic Age, a mythic era when monsters roamed the earth and gods interacted directly with humans. The city was said to have ruled the Troad until the Trojan War led to its complete destruction at the hands of the Greeks. The story of its destruction was one of the cornerstones of Greek mythology and literature, featuring prominently in the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', and referenced in numerous other poems and plays. Its legacy played a large role in Greek society, with many prominent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alaksandu
Alaksandu, ( Hittite: 𒀀𒆷𒀝𒊭𒀭𒁺𒍑 ''Alâkšândûš'') alternatively called Alakasandu or Alaksandus was a king of Wilusa who sealed a treaty with Hittite king Muwatalli II ca. 1280 BC. This treaty implies that Alaksandu had previously secured a treaty with Muwatalli's father, Mursili II, as well. His name appears to be of Ancient Greek origin (see ). Biography Alaksandu was a successor of one Kukkunni, although it is not known if he was his immediate successor. Muwatalli recalls the friendship of Kukkunni with his own grandfather, Suppiluliuma I, and further evokes over three centuries of friendship between the Hittites and Wilusa dating back to the reign of Hattusili I. Muwatalli in his letter downplays the importance of royal ancestry, suggesting that Alaksandu had come to power by other means than regular succession, so that Alaksandu is not necessarily a blood-relation of Kukkunni's. This has been taken as a hint that he may have been an early Greek ruler c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
URU (Sumerogram)
The cuneiform sign URU is a relatively distinctive sign in the cuneiform sign lists; with its two verticals at the sign's right, and the central long horizontal stroke, it is not easily confused with other signs. It is commonly found in the intrigues of the 14th century BC Amarna letters since the letters often concern city-state locations, or surrounding regions or cities/towns. ''URU'' is also used in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The cuneiform sign is almost exclusively used as a Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)), and in the Akkadian language, it is the Akkadian for "ālu", ''city'', or ''town''. The usage of ''URU'' in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is only for Sumerogram "URU", (11 times). All uses in the Epic for ''URU'' are for various spellings of ''ālu'', and usually an added sign complement; there is one usage in the Epic of ''URU'' for the city Shuruppak: ''URU. Šu- ri- ip-pak,'' (Tablet XI 11). References * Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arzawa
Arzawa was a region and a political entity (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers) in Western Anatolia in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from the late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century BC). The core of Arzawa is believed to be along the Kaystros River (now known as Küçük Menderes River), with its capital at Apasa, later known as Ephesus. When the Hittites conquered Arzawa, it was divided into three Hittite provinces: a southern province called Mira along the Maeander River, which would later become known as Caria; a northern province called the Seha River Land, along the Gediz River, which would later become known as Lydia; and an eastern province called Hapalla.J. David Hawkins (1998). ‘Tarkasnawa King of Mira: Tarkendemos, Boğazköy Sealings, and Karabel.’ ''Anatolian Studies'' 48:1–31. It succeeded the Assuwa league, which also included parts of western Anatolia, but was conquered by the Hittites c. 1400 BC. Arzawa was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historicity Of The Homeric Epics
The extent of the historical basis of the Homeric epics, the Iliad and Odyssey, has been a topic of scholarly debate for centuries. While researchers of the 18th century had largely rejected the story of the Trojan War as fable, the discoveries made by Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik reopened the question in modern terms, and the subsequent excavation of Troy VIIa and the discovery of the toponym "Wilusa" in Hittite correspondence has made it plausible that the Trojan War cycle was at least remotely based on a historical conflict of the 12th century BC, even if the poems of Homer are removed from the event by more than four centuries of oral tradition. History Pre-modern views In Ancient Greece, the Trojan War was generally regarded as a real event, though the particular details of the story were considered up for debate. For instance, Herodotus argued that Homer had exaggerated the story and that the Trojans had been unable to return Helen because she was in fact in Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hapalla
Hapalla ( Hittite: 𒄩𒁄𒆷 ''Hapalla'' or ''Haballa''), also written as Haballa, was a kingdom in central-western Anatolia around the middle of the 14th century BCE. Inhabited by speakers of the Luwian language, Hapalla was one of the Arzawa states, of which it was the easternmost. The kingdom of Hapalla existed until at least the end of the 13th century BCE. It remained a vassal to the Hittites for much of this time. The area was conquered by the Sea Peoples in 1180 BCE. History The first mention of Hapalla is when Arnuwanda I asks for help against a local uprising there. He bestows this duty to his vassal Madduwata, who betrays him by taking Hapalla for himself. After threats from Arnuwanda, Madduwata yields and hands it back to the Hittites. Later, when the Hittites are retaking their lands under Suppiluliuma I, he sends his army into Hapalla, whose capital is burnt down and inhabitants deported. In 1340 BC, an independent Seha River Land, Mira, and Hapalla are carved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trevor Bryce
Trevor Robert Bryce (; born 1940) is an Australian Hittitologist specializing in ancient and classical Near-eastern history. He is semi-retired and lives in Brisbane. His book, ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', is popular among English-speaking readers since the study of the Hittites has been dominated by German-language scholarship. A new improved and updated edition of this popular book, featuring 90 additional pages, was published in 2005. Bryce is a professor in the School of History, Philosophy, Religion, and Classics at The University of Queensland. Family He has two children and five grandchildren. Awards and professional elections * 1989 Fellow, Australian Academy of the Humanities * 2001 Centenary Medal * 2010 Doctor of Letters, University of Queensland Selected publications * * * — Planned as a two-volume project, only Volume 1 has been published: * * * * * * * * * * See also *''Horizon The horizon is the apparent line that separates the surface of a celest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walmu
Walmu was a king of Wilusa in the late 13th century BC. He is known from the Milawata letter, which reports that he had been deposed and discusses the Hittites' intent to reinstall him. The letter does not specify how Walmu was deposed or who was responsible. p. 316 See also *Ahhiyawa * Historicity of the ''Iliad'' *Karabel relief *Kings of Wilusa *Seha River Land The Seha River Land was a kingdom in Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age known from Hittite texts. Part of Arzawa, it was located north of Mira and south of Wilusa, and at one point controlled the island of Lazpa. History The Seha River L ... References Troy Kings of Wilusa Trojan War Hittite Empire Ancient Near East Mycenaean Greece {{AncientNearEast-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Mira
The Kingdom of Mira (ca. 1330–1190 BC) was one of the semi-autonomous vassal state kingdoms that emerged in western Anatolia (Asia Minor) after the destruction of the Arzava Kingdom by the Hittite Empire. Location According to the current understanding, Mira's northern border with the Seha River Land was marked by the Karabel relief. This was first proposed in 1975 by Hans Gustav Güterbock and confirmed by John David Hawkins decipherment of the inscription on the relief in 1998. The southern border with the Lukka lands was probably at Milas, while the eastern border with the Hittite kingdom may have been somewhere around Afyon.Horst Ehringhaus: ''Götter, Herrscher, Inschriften – Die Felsreliefs der hethitischen Großreichszeit in der Türkei'', von Zabern 2005 p. 91 Borders with other territories, like Pitašša, Maša, and the kingdom of Arzawa are only attested in limited time periods. Mira was the closest of the Arzawa lands to the Hittite kingdom. Susanne Heinhold-Kr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tudhaliya IV
Tudhaliya is the name of several Hittite kings: *Tudhaliya (also Tudhaliya I) is a hypothetic pre-Empire king of the Hittites. He would have reigned in the late 17th century BC ( short chronology). Forlanini (1993) conjectures that this king corresponds to the great-grandfather of Hattusili I. *Tudhaliya I (also Tudhaliya II), ruled c. 1430 to 1400 BC *Tudhaliya II (also Tudhaliya III), ruled c. in the 1380s BC *Tudhaliya III (also "Tudhaliya the child") may have briefly ruled around 1358 BC. *Tudhaliya IV ruled around 1237 BC. *Tudhaliya, Neo-Hittite king of Carchemish, fl. c. 1100 BC In the Bible Some biblical scholars suggested that ''Tidal, king of Nations'', who is mentioned in the Book of Genesis 14 as having joined Chedorlaomer in attacking rebels in Canaan Canaan (; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – ; he, כְּנַעַן – , in pausa – ; grc-bib, Χανααν – ;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milawata Letter
The Milawata letter (CTH 182) is an item of diplomatic correspondence from a Hittite king at Hattusa to a client king in western Anatolia around 1240 BC. It constitutes an important piece of evidence in the debate concerning the historicity of Homer's Iliad. The reason for its title "Milawata letter" is that it mentions that both parties to the letter had campaigned on the borders of ''Milawata''; it also mentions the city Atriya, elsewhere known as a dependent of "Millawanda". Millawanda and Milawata are accepted as ancient names for Miletus. The letter demands that the client resolve a dispute over hostages, turn over fugitives from Hittite justice, and turn over a pretender from Wilusa to a Hittite envoy so that the Hittites can reinstall him as king there. The letter reminds the recipient that the recipient's father had turned against the Hittite king. The Hittite king then installed the recipient as king in place of that one's father. It also mentions that the recipient's doma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tawagalawa Letter
The Tawagalawa letter ( CTH 181) is a fragmentary Hittite text from the mid 13th century BC. It is notable for providing a window into relations between Hittites and Greeks during the Late Bronze Age and for its mention of a prior disagreement concerning a city called Wilusa, generally identified with the archaeological site of Troy. Contents The Tawagalawa letter was written by a Hittite king to a king of Ahhiyawa around 1250 BC. The author is generally identified as Hattusili III, though some scholars have argued that it was written by Muwatalli II. Since the surviving text is fragmentary, the identities of the author and addressee are not known for certain, and nothing can be inferred about the identity of its addressee. In the letter, the Hittite king seeks cooperation from the Ahhiyawan king in surpressing anti-Hittite activity in Western Anatolia. His particular concern was the activity of a warlord named Piyamaradu who had recently fled to Ahhiyawa-controlled territory a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
