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Women In The United States Air Force
There have been women in the United States Air Force since 1948, and women continue to serve in it today.Women of the U.S. Air Force: Aiming High By Heather E. Schwartz, p.14 As of 2020, there were 69,564 total women on active duty in the US Navy, with 14,325 serving as officers, and 55,239 enlisted. Of all the branches in the US military, the Air Force has the highest percentage of female active duty service members with women making up 21.1% of the US Air Force in 2020. History Note that some minor wars women served in have been omitted from this history. 1940s The National Security Act of 1947 made the Air Force a separate military service. That year, some Women’s Army Corps (WACs) members continued serving in the Army but performed Air Force duties. In 1948 they were able to transfer to Women in the Air Force (called WAF), and some did. WAF was created in 1948 with the Women's Armed Services Integration Act, which gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfenbarger Jc4
Wolfenbarger is a surname and an altered form of Swiss German Wolfensberger surname, and may refer to: * Floyd Orson Wolfenbarger (1904–1979), American architect active in Kansas * Janet C. Wolfenbarger (born 1958), American military general in the United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal ... See also * David Wolfenberger (born 1969), American singer and songwriter {{Surname Swiss-German surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Landmark Court Decisions In The United States
Landmark court decisions in the United States change the interpretation of existing law. Such a decision may settle the law in more than one way: * establishing a significant new legal principle or concept; * overturning prior precedent based on its negative effects or flaws in its reasoning; * distinguishing a new principle that refines a prior principle, thus departing from prior practice without violating the rule of '' stare decisis''; * establishing a test or a measurable standard that can be applied by courts in future decisions. In the United States, landmark court decisions come most frequently from the Supreme Court. United States courts of appeals may also make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case or if it adopts the holding of the lower court, such as in '' Smith v. Collin''. Although many cases from state supreme courts are significant in developing the law of that state, only a few are so revolutionary that they announce s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheila Widnall
Sheila Marie Evans Widnall (born July 13, 1938) is an American aerospace researcher and Institute Professor Emerita at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She served as United States Secretary of the Air Force from 1993 to 1997, making her the first woman to hold that post and the first woman to lead an entire branch of the United States Armed Forces in the United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2003. Life and career Widnall was born and raised in Tacoma, Washington, graduating from the Bellarmine Preparatory School#History, Aquinas Academy for Girls in 1956. She graduated from MIT with a Scientiæ Baccalaureus, SB in 1960, Master of Science, SM in 1961, and Doctor of Science, ScD in 1964, all in Aeronautics. Her master's thesis was entitled ''Boundary layer stability over flexible surfaces'' and her doctoral thesis was entitled ''Unsteady loads on hydrofoils including free surface effects ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Les Aspin
Leslie Aspin Jr. (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the U.S. representative for Wisconsin's 1st congressional district from 1971 to 1993 and as the 18th United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1994. In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a middle-of-the-road position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the MX missile and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the B-2 bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative. He played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the use of force by President George H. W. Bush against Iraq, after it invaded Kuwait. Aspin served as Secretary of Defense from 1993 to 1994. He faced complex social issues, such as the roles of homosexuals in uniform, and of women in combat, as well as major decisions regarding the use of military force i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Don't Ask Don't Tell
"Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by Public Law 103–160 (Title 10 of the United States Code §654), which was signed November 30, 1993. The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of mora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Desert Storm
Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man Publishing's house organ for articles and discussion about its wargaming products * ''The Operation'' (film), a 1973 British television film * ''The Operation'' (1990), a crime, drama, TV movie starring Joe Penny, Lisa Hartman, and Jason Beghe * ''The Operation'' (1992–1998), a reality television series from TLC * The Operation M.D., formerly The Operation, a Canadian garage rock band * "Operation", a song by Relient K from '' The Creepy EP'', 2001 Business * Business operations, the harvesting of value from assets owned by a business * Manufacturing operations, operation of a facility * Operations management, an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production Military and law enforcement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Desert Shield
The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a Coalition of the Gulf War, 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Ba'athist Iraq, Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the Gulf War air campaign, aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led Liberation of Kuwait campaign, Liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991. On 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded the neighbouring Kuwait, State of Kuwait and had fully occupied the country within two days. Initially, Iraq ran the occupied territory under a puppet government known as the "Republic of Kuwait" before proceeding with an outright annexation in which Kuwaiti sovereign territory was split, with the "Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District" being car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sex Reassignment Surgery
Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a transgender or transsexual person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender, and alleviate gender dysphoria. The term is also sometimes used to describe surgical intervention for intersex people. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery (SRS), gender confirmation surgery (GCS), and several other names. Professional medical organizations have established Standards of Care, which apply before someone can apply for and receive reassignment surgery, including psychological evaluation, and a period of real-life experience living in the desired gender. Feminization surgeries are surgeries that result in anatomy that is typically gendered female, such as vaginoplasty and breast augmentation, whereas masculinization surgeries are those that result in anatomy that is typically gendered male, such as phalloplasty and brea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Force Academy
An air force academy or air academy is a national institution that provides initial officer training, possibly including undergraduate level education, to air force officer cadets who are preparing to be commissioned officers in a national air force. The world's first air academy was the RAF (Cadet) College (now called the Royal Air Force College) which was founded on 1 November 1919 on the site of a Royal Navy flying training station. Many nations support air academies, some of which are: *The Air Force Academy, Finnish Air Force in Jyväskylä, Finland *The Republic of China Air Force Academy of Taiwan, founded in 1928 *The Accademia Aeronautica of Italy, founded in 1923 *The Brazilian Air Force Academy ''(Academia da Força Aérea)'', founded in 1960 *The Bangladesh Air Force Academy, founded in 1974 as BAF Cadets’ Training Unit *The Royal Danish Air Force Officers School, founded in 1951 *The ''École de l'air'' of France *The Air Force Academy of India *The Indonesian Air ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incorporation (Bill Of Rights)
In United States constitutional law, incorporation is the doctrine by which portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states. When the Bill of Rights was ratified, the courts held that its protections extended only to the actions of the federal government and that the Bill of Rights did not place limitations on the authority of the state and local governments. However, the post–Civil War era, beginning in 1865 with the Thirteenth Amendment, which declared the abolition of slavery, gave rise to the incorporation of other amendments, applying more rights to the states and people over time. Gradually, various portions of the Bill of Rights have been held to be applicable to the state and local governments by incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the development of the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in ''Barron v. Baltimor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolling V
The origins of the surname Bolling: English: from a nickname for someone with close-cropped hair or a large head, Middle English bolling "pollard", or for a heavy drinker, from Middle English bolling "excessive drinking". German (Bölling): from a pet form of a personal name formed with Germanic bald "bold", "brave" (see Baldwin). Swedish: either an ornamental name composed of Boll + the suffix -ing "belonging to", or possibly a habitational name from a place named Bolling(e). Bolling may refer to: * Bolling, Alabama *Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. People with the surname *Alexander R. Bolling (1895–1964), U.S. Army officer *Bill Bolling (born 1957), Lieutenant Governor of Virginia * Bruce Bolling (1945–2012), first black president of the Boston City Council *Claude Bolling (1930–2020), French jazz pianist *Edith Bolling Galt Wilson (1872–1961), second wife of Woodrow Wilson *Eric Bolling (born 1963), financial news and political television personality *Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Often considered as one of the most consequential amendments, it addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark Supreme Court decisions such as ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954) regarding racial segregation, ''Roe v. Wade'' (1973) regarding abortion ( overturned in 2022), ''Bush v. Gore'' (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
