|
Wall Of The Ferme Générale
The Wall of the ''Ferme générale'' was one of the several city walls of Paris built between the early Middle Ages and the mid 19th century. Built between 1784 and 1791, the 24 km Wall roughly followed the route now traced by line 2 and line 6 of the Métro. It crossed the districts of the Place de l'Étoile, Batignolles, Pigalle, Belleville, Nation, the Place d'Italie, Denfert-Rochereau, Montparnasse and the Trocadéro. The wall was demolished in the early 1860s, though elements at several of its gates remain. History Unlike earlier walls, the Farmers-General Wall was not intended to defend Paris from invaders but to enforce the payment of a toll on goods entering Paris ("octroi"). It was commissioned by the nobleman and scientist Antoine Lavoisier on behalf of the Ferme générale (''General Farm''), a tax farming corporation that paid the French State for the right to collect (and keep) certain taxes. Lavoisier was a shareholder and Administrator of the Ferme géné ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotonde De La Villette 01 .
{{disambiguation ...
Rotonde may refer to: Locations * Café de la Rotonde, a cafe in Paris, France. * Fontaine de la Rotonde, a fountain in Aix-en-Provence, France. * Simiane-la-Rotonde, a town in France. Newspaper *''La Rotonde'', a student newspaper at the University of Ottawa in Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trocadéro
The Trocadéro (), site of the Palais de Chaillot, is an area of Paris, France, in the 16th arrondissement, across the Seine from the Eiffel Tower. It is also the name of the 1878 palace which was demolished in 1937 to make way for the Palais de Chaillot. The hill of the Trocadéro is the hill of Chaillot, a former village. Origin of the name The place was named in honour of the Battle of Trocadero, in which the fortified Isla del Trocadero, in southern Spain, was captured by French forces led by the Duc d'Angoulême, son of the future King of France, Charles X, on 31 August 1823. France had intervened on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, whose rule was contested by a liberal rebellion. After the battle, the autocratic Spanish Bourbon Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne of Spain. François-René de Chateaubriand said "To stride across the lands of Spain at one go, to succeed there, where Bonaparte had failed, to triumph on that same soil where the arms of the fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Place De Stalingrad
The Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad is a square in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. It was named after the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the major battles of World War II. The square lies at the intersection of the Canal de l'Ourcq and the Canal Saint-Martin. History Formerly a part of the Boulevard de la Villette, a square named "Place de Stalingrad" was created in 1945 and served as a bus terminal. In 1993 it was renamed "Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad" and in 2006, in the course of major renovation work around the Bassin de la Villette The Bassin de la Villette (La Villette Basin) is the largest artificial lake in Paris. It was filled with water on 2 December 1808. Located in the 19th arrondissement of the capital, it links the Canal de l'Ourcq to the Canal Saint-Martin, and ..., was completely renovated. Today, it is a pedestrian square and houses two restaurants and a central fountain. {{coord, 48, 53, 01, N, 2, 22, 12, E, region:FR_source:kolossus-frwiki, dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haussmann's Renovation Of Paris
Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works programme commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of medieval neighbourhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris; and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work was met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the centre of Paris today are largely the result of Haussmann's renovation. Overcrowding, disease, crime and unrest in the centre of the old Paris In the middle of the 19th century, the centre of Paris was viewed as overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845, the French social reformer Victor Considerant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
City Gates Of Paris
350px, Principal Parisian city gates While Paris is encircled by the Boulevard Périphérique (Paris ring road), the city gates of Paris ("''portes de Paris''") are the access points to the city for pedestrians and other road users. As Paris has had successive ring roads through the centuries, city gates are found inside the modern-day Paris. The city gates of today ''(List of city gates created during the extension of Paris in 1860 and which have left their mark on the city map. The gates are listed in clockwise sequence starting in the north at la Route Nationale 1.)'' North-east 18e est * Porte de la Chapelle : route nationale 1, autoroute A1 19e * Porte d'Aubervilliers : route nationale 301 * Porte de la Villette : route nationale 2 * Porte de Pantin : route nationale 3 * Porte Chaumont * Porte Brunet * Porte du Pré-Saint-Gervais * Porte des Lilas East 20e * Porte des Lilas * Porte de Ménilmontant * Porte de Bagnolet : autoroute A3 * Porte de Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fortifications Of Paris In The 19th And 20th Centuries
The fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise: *The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city, *The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks. They were built in two stages: *1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city; *1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city. From a military point of view, Paris is a fortified camp situated in Paris Basin, a basin. During the 19th century, both Prussian invasions (1814–15 and 1870) saw the bombardment of Paris from the surrounding heights. Fortifications were extended outwards after each invasion as the range of artillery continued to develop, in order to deny the use of the heights to the enemy. Chronology Louis XIV 1670 The king demolishes the walls of Wall of Charles V, Paris, Charles V and Louis XIII. Paris becomes an open city and remains so for two centuries. 1689 Vauban recommends th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis-Sébastien Mercier
Louis-Sébastien Mercier (6 June 1740 – 25 April 1814) was a French dramatist and writer, whose 1771 novel ''L'An 2440'' is an example of proto-science fiction. Early life and education He was born in Paris to a humble family: his father was a skilled artisan who polished swords and metal arms. Mercier nevertheless received a decent education. Literary career Mercier began his literary career by writing heroic epistles. He early came to the conclusion that Boileau and Racine had ruined the French language and that the true poet wrote in prose. He wrote plays, pamphlets, and novels and published prodigiously. Mercier often recycled passages from one work to another and expanded on essays he had already written. Mercier's keen observations on his surroundings and the journalistic feel of his writing meant that his work remained riveting despite the nature of its composition. "There is no better writer to consult," Robert Darnton writes, "if one wants to get some idea of how P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be perceived as symbols of the Ancien Régime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In 1804, he published a collection of his designs under the title ''L'Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l'art, des mœurs et de la législation'' (Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation). In this book he took the opportunity of revising his earlier designs, making them more rigorously neoclassical and up to date. This revision has distorted an accurate assessment of his role in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barrière D’Enfer
Barrière is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Jean-Baptiste Barrière (1707-1747), French cellist and composer *Jean-François Barrière (1786-1868), French historian *Jean de la Barrière (1554–1600), French religious figure and contemporary of King Henry III of France *Paul Barrière, (1920-2008), French rugby league football administrator *Pierre Barrière (died 1593), wealthy French factory owner and prominent businessman who attempted to assassinate King Henry IV of France and was subsequently executed *Théodore Barrière (1823–1877), French dramatist * Dr. Pedro de Barriere (d. 1827), Spanish Colonial Governor and General See also *Barriere, British Columbia, Canada (Alternate spelling: Barrière) *Barrière River (other) Barrière River may refer to: * Barrière River (Quinze Lake). Quebec * Barrière River (North Thompson River), British Columbia See also * Barrier River, New Zealand {{geodis ... * {{DEFAULTSORT:Barriere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemin De Ronde
A ''chemin de ronde'' ( French, "round path"' or "patrol path"; ), also called an allure, alure or, more prosaically, a wall-walk, is a raised protected walkway behind a castle battlement. In early fortifications, high castle walls were difficult to defend from the ground. The ''chemin de ronde'' was devised as a walkway allowing defenders to patrol the tops of ramparts, protected from the outside by the battlements or a parapet A parapet is a barrier that is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. The word comes ultimately from the Italian ''parapetto'' (''parare'' 'to cover/defend' and ''petto'' 'chest/breast'). Whe ..., placing them in an advantageous position for shooting or dropping. References External links * Castle architecture {{castle-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax Farming
Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in public finance, where governments (the lessors) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called "rents", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the treasury. Sometimes, as in the case of Miguel de Cervantes, the tax farmer was a government employee, paid a salary, and all money collected went to the government. Farming in this sense has nothing to do with agriculture, other than in a metaphorical sense. Etymology There are two possible origins for ''farm''. Derivation from classical Latin Some sources derive "farm" with its French version ''ferme'', most notably ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
