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Universitas Lingvarum Litvaniae
''Universitas lingvarum Litvaniæ'' ( lt, Lietuvos kalbų visuma; en, The Entirety of the Lithuanian language) is the oldest surviving grammar of the Lithuanian language published in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was written in Latin and was published in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius by the Vilnius University Press in 1737. Its author is unknown, however the grammar of the Lithuanian language shows that the author may have originated from the districts of Dotnuva, Kėdainiai, Surviliškis, Šėta. It was written independently as there is no influence of the grammar of the Lithuanian language of Lithuania Minor. The structure of the ''Universitas lingvarum Litvaniæ'' and the classification of parts of language were influenced by the Latin and Polish grammars of that period. The most important feature of the ''Universitas lingvarum Litvaniæ'', which distinguishes it from other grammars of the Lithuanian language of that period, is the understanding of the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuania
Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of , with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian language, Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages. For millennia the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Balts, Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, Monarchy of Lithuania, becoming king and founding the Kingdom of Lithuania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pitch-accent Language
A pitch-accent language, when spoken, has word accents in which one syllable in a word or morpheme is more prominent than the others, but the accentuated syllable is indicated by a contrasting pitch ( linguistic tone) rather than by loudness (or length), as in many languages, like English. Pitch-accent also contrasts with fully tonal languages like Vietnamese and Standard Chinese, in which each syllable can have an independent tone. Some have claimed that the term "pitch accent" is not coherently defined and that pitch-accent languages are just a sub-category of tonal languages in general. Languages that have been described as pitch-accent languages include: most dialects of Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Baltic languages, Ancient Greek, Vedic Sanskrit, Tlingit, Turkish, Japanese, Norwegian, Swedish (but not in Finland), Western Basque,Hualde, J.I. (1986)"Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey"(PDF). ''Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo'' XX-3, 1986, pp. 867-896. Yaqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1737 Books
Events January–March * January 5 – Spain and the Holy Roman Empire sign instruments of cession at Pontremoli in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in Italy, with the Empire receiving control of Tuscany and the Grand Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, in return for Don Carlos of Spain being recognized as King of Naples and King of Sicily. * January 9 – The Empires of Austria and Russia enter into a secret military alliance that leads to Austria's disastrous entry into the Russo-Turkish War. * January 18 – In Manila, a peace treaty is signed between Spain's Governor-General of the Philippines, Fernándo Valdés y Tamon, and the Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu, recognizing Azim's authority over the islands of the Sulu Archipelago. * February 20 – France's Foreign Minister, Germain Louis Chauvelin, is dismissed by King Louis XV's Chief Minister, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury * February 27 – French scientists Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Georges- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammar Books
In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domains such as phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. There are currently two different approaches to the study of grammar: traditional grammar and theoretical grammar. Fluent speakers of a language variety or ''lect'' have effectively internalized these constraints, the vast majority of which – at least in the case of one's native language(s) – are acquired not by conscious study or instruction but by hearing other speakers. Much of this internalization occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more explicit instruction. In this view, grammar is understood as the cognitive information underlying a specific instance of language production. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilnius University Library
Vilnius University Library or VU Library (also ''VUL'') is the oldest and one of the largest academic libraries of Lithuania. It was founded in 1570 by the Jesuits and as such is nine years older than Vilnius University. VU Library holds 5.4 million documents on shelves measuring in length. The holdings, accessible to members of the university and wider public, include some of the oldest manuscripts, incunabula and engravings in Lithuania and Eastern Europe. At present the library has 36 thousand users. Vilnius University Library consists of the Central Library which is situated near Presidential Palace, Vilnius, the Presidential Palace, the Scholarly Communication and Information Centre in Saulėtekis and libraries of faculties and centres that are scattered all around the city. History Jesuit Order Invited by Bishop of Vilnius Walerian Protasewicz, the Jesuits came to Vilnius in 1569. On 17 July 1570, they established a college and a library. The core of the library consi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merkelis Petkevičius
Merkelis Petkevičius ( pl, Melchior Pietkiewicz; 1550–1608) was a Reformation (Calvinist) activist in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was a nobleman who worked as a court scribe in Vilnius for almost thirty years. In 1598, he published the first Lithuanian-language Protestant book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the first Lithuanian Protestant book was printed in Konigsberg in 1547 by Martynas Mažvydas). This book, a bilingual catechism in Polish and Lithuanian, was published in response to the publication of the Roman Catholic catechism of Mikalojus Daukša. However, book's heavy, artificial language with numerous loanwords make it linguistically inferior to Daukša's work. Biography Petkevičius was born to a wealthy family of Lithuanian nobles around 1550. According to the military census of 1528, his grandfather Grigas Petkevičius had to send four men to the army in case of war. Petkevičius' father Jonas had manors near Maišiagala and Salakas. Orphaned as a te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechism Of Mikalojus Daukša
The ''Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian'' ( lt, Katekizmas, arba mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus, original Lithuanian: ''Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekwienam krikszczionii priwalvs'') of Mikalojus Daukša was the first Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was published by the press of Vilnius Jesuit Academy in 1595 with financial support of Bishop Merkelis Giedraitis. The catechism is not an original work but a translation. As such, the work holds little value in terms of content, but is extremely valuable to the study of the Lithuanian language due to its lexical richness. The sole surviving copy is kept at Vilnius University Library. Earlier books There were earlier publications in Lithuanian, but they were published by Protestants in the Duchy of Prussia, including Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas in 1547 and Postil of Jonas Bretkūnas in 1591. Earlier researchers, including Vaclovas Biržiška and Zenonas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postil Of Jonas Bretkūnas
''Postilė'' (full title: ''Postilla, tatai esti trumpas ir prastas ischguldimas euangeliu'') is a 1000-page postil (collection of sermons and Bible commentaries) written in the Lithuanian language by Jonas Bretkūnas in 1591. It was designed for the purposes of Protestant priests serving Lithuanian communities in East Prussia (territory sometimes known as Lithuania Minor). The book was used until the 18th century. ''Postilė'' is one earliest works in Lithuanian that were not merely translations but also included original texts. It contains much ethnographic data about everyday life of the common people. About 30 copies of ''Postilė'' survive; 10 of them are kept in Lithuanian libraries and museums. See also * ''Catechism'' of Martynas Mažvydas – the first printed book in the Lithuanian language, printed in 1547 * Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša – the first Lithuanian Roman Catholic catechism published in 1595 * Catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius – the first Lithuanian Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechism Of Martynas Mažvydas
The ''Simple Words of Catechism'' ( lt, Katekizmo paprasti žodžiai) by Martynas Mažvydas is the first printed book in the Lithuanian language. It was printed on 8 January 1547 by Hans Weinreich in Königsberg. The 79-page book followed the teachings of Martin Luther but reflects both religious and secular needs. The book included the first Lithuanian-language poem, primer with alphabet, basic catechism, and 11 religious hymns with sheet music. The book was written in the Samogitian dialect and printed in Gothic (schwabacher) font; Latin dedication and preface are printed in Latin font ( antiqua). History There is no direct evidence, but initiators of the book were most likely Abraomas Kulvietis and Stanislovas Rapalionis, professors of the Königsberg University, who witnessed the publications of the first Lutheran books in Polish and Prussian languages. The cost of the publication was defrayed from the treasury of the grand Duke. The Catechism had a circulation of 200–300, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mokslas Skaitymo Rašto Lietuviško
''Mokslas skaitymo rašto lietuviško'' (Old Lithuanian: ''Moksłas skaityma raszta lietuwiszka''; en, The Science of Reading the Lithuanian Writing) is the first Catholic primer of the Lithuanian language. The first Lithuanian primer ''Mokslas skaitymo rašto lenkiško'' (Old Lithuanian: ''Moksłas skaytima raszto lękiszko''; en, The Science of Reading the Polish Writing) was published in 1759–1761, however later it was published with a name ''Mokslas skaitymo rašto lietuviško'' (Old Lithuanian: ''Moksłas skaityma raszta lietuwiszka''; en, The Science of Reading the Lithuanian Writing). In 1776–1790, about 1,000 copies of the primer were issued annually, in total – over 15,000 copies. This primer was published until 1864 and was the most important factor in educating the mass audience of readers of the Lithuanian literature. Gallery File:Moksłas skaytima raszto lękiszko del mazu waykialu (in Lithuanian language), Vilnius, 1766.jpg, ''Mokslas skaitymo rašto lenki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammatica Litvanica
''Grammatica Litvanica'' ( lt, Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, lit=Lithuanian grammar) is the first prescriptive printed grammar of the Lithuanian language which was written by Daniel Klein in Latin and published in 1653 in Königsberg, Duchy of Prussia. Overview The ''Grammatica Litvanica'' was printed in 1653 by Johann Reusner who arrived to Königsberg from Rostock in 1639. The checking of the manuscript of the ''Grammatica Litvanica'' was entrusted to Johann Lehmann, a priest of Lithuanian churches in Klaipėda. The ''Grammatica Litvanica'' mostly follows the traditional Latin grammarians scheme (also in some parts Greek and Hebrew grammars) while the lexical material was taken from the living Lithuanian language and writings. With this work Klein sought to prove that the Lithuanian language can also have its own grammar. The dedication of the book contains emphasis that Duke Friedrich Wilhelm and the Prussian authorities takes care of publishing of the Lithuanian books. The p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the first 12 sites granted the status. The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim Ibn Yakoub, a merchant from Cordoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
