Universal Dependencies

picture info	Universal Dependencies Universal Dependencies, frequently abbreviated as UD, is an international cooperative project to create treebanks of the world's languages. These treebanks are openly accessible and available. Core applications are automated text processing in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and research into natural language syntax and grammar, especially within linguistic typology Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the co .... The project's primary aim is to achieve cross-linguistic consistency of annotation, while still permitting language-specific extensions when necessary. The annotation scheme has it roots in three related projects: Stanford Dependencies, Google universal part-of-speech tags, and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets. The UD annotation scheme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Treebank In linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data. Etymology The term ''treebank'' was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a seedbank or bloodbank. This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a tree structure. The term ''parsed corpus'' is often used interchangeably with the term treebank, with the emphasis on the primacy of sentences rather than trees. Construction Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with part-of-speech tags. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with semantic or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Text Processing In computing, the term text processing refers to the theory and practice of automating the creation or manipulation of electronic text. ''Text'' usually refers to all the alphanumeric characters specified on the keyboard of the person engaging the practice, but in general ''text'' means the abstraction layer immediately above the standard character encoding of the target text. The term ''processing'' refers to automated (or mechanized) processing, as opposed to the same manipulation done manually. Text processing involves computer commands which invoke content, content changes, and cursor movement, for example to * search and replace * format * generate a processed report of the content of, or * filter a file or report of a text file. The text processing of a regular expression is a virtual editing machine, having a primitive programming language that has named registers (identifiers), and named positions in the sequence of characters comprising the text. Using these, the "text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Natural Language Processing Natural language processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. The goal is a computer capable of "understanding" the contents of documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them. The technology can then accurately extract information and insights contained in the documents as well as categorize and organize the documents themselves. Challenges in natural language processing frequently involve speech recognition, natural-language understanding, and natural-language generation. History Natural language processing has its roots in the 1950s. Already in 1950, Alan Turing published an article titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linguistic Typology Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to phonological typology, which deals with sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology, which aims to explain the universal tendencies. Linguistic typology is contrasted with genealogical linguistics on the grounds that typology groups languages or their grammatical features based on formal similarities rather than historic descendence. The issue of genealogical relation is however relevant to typology because modern data sets aim to be representative and unbiased. Samples are collected evenly from different language families, emphasizing t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Dependency Grammar Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of modern grammatical theories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the ''constituency relation'' of phrase structure) and that can be traced back primarily to the work of Lucien Tesnière. Dependency is the notion that linguistic units, e.g. words, are connected to each other by directed links. The (finite) verb is taken to be the structural center of clause structure. All other syntactic units (words) are either directly or indirectly connected to the verb in terms of the directed links, which are called ''dependencies''. Dependency grammar differs from phrase structure grammar in that while it can identify phrases it tends to overlook phrasal nodes. A dependency structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. Dependency structures are flatter than phrase structures in part because they lack a finite verb phrase constituent, and they are thus well suited for the analysis of languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Phrase Structure Grammar The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as ''constituency grammars''. The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars. Constituency relation In linguistics, phrase structure grammars are all those grammars that are based on the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation associated with dependency grammars; hence, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. Any of several related theories for the parsing of natural language qualify as constituency grammars, and most of them have been develope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	UD Picture 1 UD or ud may refer to: Companies * UD Trucks, a Japanese truck manufacturer * United Devices, a commercial distributed computing company * United Distillers, a whiskey holding company * Upper Deck, a manufacturer of collectibles and trading cards * Hex'Air (IATA airline designator UD), a French regional airline Organizations * '' Unificación Democrática'', the Democratic Unification political party in Honduras * ''Unión Democrática'', a political party in Guatemala * Unlock Democracy, a British political organization * Utenriksdepartementet, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Utrikesdepartementet, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Schools U.S. * University of Dallas, Texas * University of Dayton, Ohio * University of Delaware * University of Dubuque, Iowa * University of Detroit Mercy, a Catholic university in Michigan * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy, a Catholic secondary school in Michigan Elsewhere * University of Dammam, Saudi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	UD Picture 2 UD or ud may refer to: Companies * UD Trucks, a Japanese truck manufacturer * United Devices, a commercial distributed computing company * United Distillers, a whiskey holding company * Upper Deck, a manufacturer of collectibles and trading cards * Hex'Air (IATA airline designator UD), a French regional airline Organizations * '' Unificación Democrática'', the Democratic Unification political party in Honduras * ''Unión Democrática'', a political party in Guatemala * Unlock Democracy, a British political organization * Utenriksdepartementet, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Utrikesdepartementet, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Schools U.S. * University of Dallas, Texas * University of Dayton, Ohio * University of Delaware * University of Dubuque, Iowa * University of Detroit Mercy, a Catholic university in Michigan * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy, a Catholic secondary school in Michigan Elsewhere * University of Dammam, Saudi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	UD Picture 3 UD or ud may refer to: Companies * UD Trucks, a Japanese truck manufacturer * United Devices, a commercial distributed computing company * United Distillers, a whiskey holding company * Upper Deck, a manufacturer of collectibles and trading cards * Hex'Air (IATA airline designator UD), a French regional airline Organizations * '' Unificación Democrática'', the Democratic Unification political party in Honduras * ''Unión Democrática'', a political party in Guatemala * Unlock Democracy, a British political organization * Utenriksdepartementet, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Utrikesdepartementet, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Schools U.S. * University of Dallas, Texas * University of Dayton, Ohio * University of Delaware * University of Dubuque, Iowa * University of Detroit Mercy, a Catholic university in Michigan * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy, a Catholic secondary school in Michigan Elsewhere * University of Dammam, Saudi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	UD Picture 4 UD or ud may refer to: Companies * UD Trucks, a Japanese truck manufacturer * United Devices, a commercial distributed computing company * United Distillers, a whiskey holding company * Upper Deck, a manufacturer of collectibles and trading cards * Hex'Air (IATA airline designator UD), a French regional airline Organizations * '' Unificación Democrática'', the Democratic Unification political party in Honduras * ''Unión Democrática'', a political party in Guatemala * Unlock Democracy, a British political organization * Utenriksdepartementet, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Utrikesdepartementet, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Schools U.S. * University of Dallas, Texas * University of Dayton, Ohio * University of Delaware * University of Dubuque, Iowa * University of Detroit Mercy, a Catholic university in Michigan * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy, a Catholic secondary school in Michigan Elsewhere * University of Dammam, Saudi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	UD Picture 5 UD or ud may refer to: Companies * UD Trucks, a Japanese truck manufacturer * United Devices, a commercial distributed computing company * United Distillers, a whiskey holding company * Upper Deck, a manufacturer of collectibles and trading cards * Hex'Air (IATA airline designator UD), a French regional airline Organizations * '' Unificación Democrática'', the Democratic Unification political party in Honduras * ''Unión Democrática'', a political party in Guatemala * Unlock Democracy, a British political organization * Utenriksdepartementet, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Utrikesdepartementet, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Schools U.S. * University of Dallas, Texas * University of Dayton, Ohio * University of Delaware * University of Dubuque, Iowa * University of Detroit Mercy, a Catholic university in Michigan * University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy, a Catholic secondary school in Michigan Elsewhere * University of Dammam, Saudi Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linguistic Units Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguistics is concerned with both the cognitive and social aspects of language. It is considered a scientific field as well as an academic discipline; it has been classified as a social science, natural science, cognitive science,Thagard, PaulCognitive Science, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). or part of the humanities. Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to phenomena found in human linguistic systems, such as syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (structure of words); phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language); and pragmatics (how social contex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]