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Unadi-Sutra
The Unadi-Sutras (Sanskrit ) are a group of texts in Indian grammatical tradition (Vyākaraṇa). They form an accessory to the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' ("Eight Chapters", the grammar of Pāṇini). They deal with Sanskrit affixes. They propose to validate the view attributed to Śākaṭāyana that all words can be analysed by the addition of affixes to verbal roots. As a consequence, the notion of "affix" for the purposes of the Unadi-Sutras is extremely loose and not necessarily etymological; the classical grammarians (such as Patañjali ) were aware that this means of derivation was purely formal and in many cases had no relation to the word's actual meaning. The authorship and date of the oldest Unadi-Sutras (known as the ''Panchapadi-Unadi-Sutras'') is uncertain; some authors would attribute them to Pāṇini himself, others to his predecessors, such as Śākaṭāyana, Āpiśali, or Kātyāyana. The name ''uṇādi'' is derived from the incipit, as the text begins with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dayananda Sarasvati
Dayanand Saraswati () (born Mool Shankar Tiwari; 2 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) also known as Maharshi Dayanand is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement. His Magnum Opus is the book Satyarth Prakash which has remained a highly influential text on the Philosophy of the Vedas and clarifications of various ideas and duties of Human Beings. He was the first to give the call for '' Swaraj'' as "India for Indians" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.Aurobindo Ghosh, ''Bankim Tilak Dayanand'' (Calcutta 1947, p. 1) "Lokmanya Tilak also said that Swami Dayanand was the first who proclaimed Swaraj for Bharatpita i.e. India." Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan called him one of the "makers of Modern India", as did Sri Aurobindo. He considered the infallible authority of the Vedas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vyākaraṇa
''Vyākaraṇa'' (, ) refers to one of the six ancient Vedangas, ancillary science connected with the Vedas, which are scriptures in Hinduism.James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, , page 769 ''Vyākaraṇa'' is the study of grammar and linguistic analysis in Sanskrit language. Pāṇini and Yāska are the two celebrated ancient scholars of Vyākaraṇa; both are dated to several centuries prior to the start of the common era, with Pāṇini likely from the fifth century BCE. Pāṇini's ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions. This text, as its very title suggests, consists of eight chapters, each divided into four padas, cumulatively containing 4000 sutras. The text is preceded by abbreviation rules grouping the phonemes of Sanskrit. Pāṇini quotes ten ancient authorities whose texts have not survived, but they are believed to have been Vyākaraṇa sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aṣṭādhyāyī
The (Devanagari अष्टाध्यायी) is a grammar that describes a form of an early Indo-Aryan language: Sanskrit. Authored by Sanskrit philologist and scholar Pāṇini and dated to around 500 BCE, it describes the language as current in his time, specifically the dialect and register of an élite of model speakers, referred to by Pāṇini himself as ''śiṣṭa''. The work also accounts both for some features specific to the older Vedic form of the language, as well as certain dialectal features current in the author's time. The ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' employs a derivational system to describe the language, where real speech is derived from posited abstract utterances formed by means of affixes added to bases under certain conditions. The Aṣṭādhyāyī is supplemented by three ancillary texts: ''akṣarasamāmnāya'', ''dhātupāṭha'' and ''gaṇapāṭha''. Etymology ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' is made of two words ''aṣṭa-'', 'eight' and ''adhyāya-' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pāṇini
, era = ;;6th–5th century BCE , region = Indian philosophy , main_interests = Grammar, linguistics , notable_works = ' (Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit) , influenced= , notable_ideas=Descriptive linguistics (Devanagari: पाणिनि, ) was a Sanskrit Philology, philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, variously dated between the 6th and 4th century BCE. Since the discovery and publication of his work by European scholars in the nineteenth century, Pāṇini has been considered the "first Descriptive linguistics, descriptive linguist",#FPencyclo, François & Ponsonnet (2013: 184). and even labelled as “the father of linguistics”. Pāṇini's grammar was influential on such foundational linguists as Ferdinand de Saussure and Leonard Bloomfield. Legacy Pāṇini is known for his text ''Pāṇini#Aṣṭādhyāyī, Aṣṭādhyāyī'', a sutra-style treatise on Sanskrit grammar, 3,996 verses or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Śākaṭāyana
(814760 bce) was the name of Sanskrit grammarian, one who was a predecessor of Yaska and Panini in Iron Age India, circa 9th century BCE, and one who was a Sanskrit grammarian Ancient Grammarian Śākaṭāyana was an early "etymologist" or '' nairukta''. He is the oldest grammarian known by name, even though his work is only known indirectly, via references of Yaska and Panini's works. Śākaṭāyana apparently claimed that all nouns are ultimately derived from verbal roots. This process is reflected in the Sanskrit grammar as the system of ''krit-pratyaya''s or verbal affixes. Bimal Krishna Matilal in his ''The word and the world'' refers to the debate of ''nirkuta'' vs. ''vyakarana'' as an interesting philosophical discussion between the ''nairuktas'' or etymologists and the ''pāṇinīyas'' or grammarians. According to the etymologists, all nouns (substantives) are derived from some verbal root or the other. Yāska in his ''Nirukta'' refers to this view (in fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Word Formation
In linguistics, word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either: * the processes through which words can change (i.e. morphology), or * the creation of new lexemes in a particular language Morphological A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivational affixes. Derivation Examples include: * the words ''governor'', ''government'', ''governable'', ''misgovern'', ''ex-governor'', and ''ungovernable'' are all derived from the base word ''(to) govern'' Inflection Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence. For example: * ''manages'' and ''managed'' are inflected from the base word ''(to) manage'' * ''worked'' is inflected from the verb ''(to) work'' * ''talks'', ''talked'', and ''talking'' are inflected from the base ''(to) talk'' Nonmorphological Abbreviation Examples includes: * ''etc.'' from et caetera Acronyms & Initialisms An acronym is a word formed from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English ''-ness'' and ''pre-'', or inflectional, like English plural ''-s'' and past tense ''-ed''. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixation is the linguistic process that speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words. Positional categories of affixes ''Prefix'' and ''suffix'' may be subsumed under the term ''adfix'', in contrast to ''infix.'' When marking text for interlinear glossing, as in the third column in the chart above, simple affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are separated from the stem with hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets. Reduplication is often shown with a tilde. Affixes which c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patañjali
Patanjali ( sa, पतञ्जलि, Patañjali), also called Gonardiya or Gonikaputra, was a Hindu author, mystic and philosopher. Very little is known about him, and while no one knows exactly when he lived; from analysis of his works it is estimated that it was between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE. He is believed to be an author and compiler of a number of Sanskrit works. The greatest of these are the ''Yoga Sutras'', a classical yoga text. There is speculation as to whether the sage Patañjali is the author of all the works attributed to him, as there are a number of known historical authors of the same name. A great deal of scholarship has been devoted over the last century as to the issue of the historicity or identity of this author or these authors. lists ten separate authors by the name of "Patañjali." Amongst the more important authors called Patañjali are: * The author of the ''Mahābhāṣya'', an ancient treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics, based on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kātyāyana
Kātyāyana (कात्यायन) also spelled as Katyayana (est. c. 6th to 3rd century BCE) was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India. पतञ्जलीमहर्षिः Patanjali Maharshi said ecstatically:priyataddhitā dākṣiṇātyāḥ (प्रियतद्धिता दाक्षिणात्या: Meaning:Belonging to or living in south India.). This proves that he lived in the Southern India. Also Patanjali Maharshi also said 'yathā laukikavaidikēṣu ('यथा लौकिकवैदिकेषु'What does it mean?) which is looked upon as Katyayana's Vartikam. Katyayana has been linked to Vararuci by many although it is contested. He is considered the author of "Prakrita Prakasha" which is considered as the foundation of historical linguistics. Origins According to some legends, he was born in the Katya lineage originating from Vishwamitra, thus called Katyayana. The Kathāsaritsāgara men ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incipit
The incipit () of a text is the first few words of the text, employed as an identifying label. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of notes, having the same purpose. The word ''incipit'' comes from Latin and means "it begins". Its counterpart taken from the ending of the text is the explicit. Before the development of titles, texts were often referred to by their incipits, as with for example ''Agnus Dei''. During the medieval period in Europe, incipits were often written in a different script or colour from the rest of the work of which they were a part, and "incipit pages" might be heavily decorated with illumination. Though the word ''incipit'' is Latin, the practice of the incipit predates classical antiquity by several millennia and can be found in various parts of the world. Although not always called by the name of ''incipit'' today, the practice of referring to texts by their initial words remains commonplace. Historical examples Sumerian In th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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