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Uru–Chipaya Languages
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia. The speakers were originally fishermen on the shores of Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó, and the Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru), Desaguadero River. Chipaya language, Chipaya has over a thousand speakers and sees vigorous use in the native community, but all other Uru people, Uru languages or dialects are extinct. Loukotka (1968) also lists the Chango people, Chango language, once spoken on the coast of Chile from Huasco to Cobija in Antofagasta Province. The population has since been Araucanized. Proposed external relationships Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages, Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan languages, Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Mochica language, Yunga (Mochica). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza language, Kunza, Pukina language, Pukina, Pano languages, Pano, Jaqi languages, Jaqi, Kechua languages, Kechua, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, it is also the largest lake in South America.Grove, M. J., P. A. Baker, S. L. Cross, C. A. Rigsby and G. O. Seltzer 2003 Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology'' 194:281-297. Lake Titicaca has a surface elevation of . The "highest lake" claim is generally considered to refer to commercial craft. Numerous smaller bodies of water (that are not considered lakes) around the world are at higher elevations. For many years, the largest vessel afloat on the lake was the 2,200-ton (2,425 U.S. tons), SS ''Ollanta''. Today, the largest vessel is most likely the similarly sized train barge/float ''Manco Capac'', operated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maya–Yunga–Chipayan Languages
The Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages are a proposed macrofamily linking the Chimuan, Uru–Chipaya, and Mayan language families of the Americas. The macrofamily was proposed by Stark (1972). However, it has not gained widespread acceptance among linguists. Classification Stark's (1972) classification is as follows. ;Maya–Yunga–Chipayan *Mayan *Chimu–Chipayan ** Uru–Chipaya ** Chimuan *** Yunga (Mochica) *** Cañari–Puruhá ***? Sechura–Catacao (Tallán) Tovar (1961), partly based on Schmidt (1926),Schmidt, Wilhelm (1926). ''Die Sprachfamilien und Sprachenkreise der Erde'', p. 214. Heidelberg. adds Tallán ( Sechura–Catacao) to Chimuan (which he calls ''Yunga-Puruhá''). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972). Lexical comparisons Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica), based on the following lexical comparisons. : See also *Macro-Mayan languages Macro-Mayan i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Families
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. According to ''Ethnologue'' there are 7,151 living human languages distributed in 142 different language families. A living language is defined as one that is the first language of at least one person. The language families with the most speakers are: the Indo-European family, with many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibetan fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uru–Chipaya Languages
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia. The speakers were originally fishermen on the shores of Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopó, and the Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru), Desaguadero River. Chipaya language, Chipaya has over a thousand speakers and sees vigorous use in the native community, but all other Uru people, Uru languages or dialects are extinct. Loukotka (1968) also lists the Chango people, Chango language, once spoken on the coast of Chile from Huasco to Cobija in Antofagasta Province. The population has since been Araucanized. Proposed external relationships Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages, Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan languages, Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Mochica language, Yunga (Mochica). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza language, Kunza, Pukina language, Pukina, Pano languages, Pano, Jaqi languages, Jaqi, Kechua languages, Kechua, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovak linguist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained a lot of unpublished material and was therefore superior to all previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from the Czech Republic Paleolinguists Linguists of indigenous languages of the Americas 20th-century linguists { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moseten-Tsimane Languages
Chimané (Tsimané) is a South American language isolate. Some dialects are known as Mosetén (Mosetén of Santa Ana, Mosetén of Covendo). Chimane is a language of the western Bolivian lowlands spoken by the Tsimane peoples along the Beni River and the region around San Borja in the Department of Beni (Bolivia). Sakel (2004) classifies them as two languages for a number of reasons, yet some of the variants of the language are mutually intelligible and they reportedly have no trouble communicating (''Ethnologue'' 16) and were evidently a single language separated recently through cultural contact (Campbell 2000). Status The dialects of Tsimané are in different sociolinguistic situations. Covendo Mosetén has around 600 speakers, while Santa Ana Mosetén only has around 150-200 speakers. Both of these dialects are fading quickly, and almost all speakers of these dialects are bilingual in Spanish. Only older speakers maintain use of the language without Spanish influence. Tsima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mapudungun Languages
The Araucanian languages are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh), spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people. These are sometimes considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate. Demographics It is estimated that there are approximately 200,000 Mapudungu speakers in Chile and 40,000 speakers in Argentina. Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, Pano, Cholon-Hibito, and Kechua language families due to contact. Internal classification Mason (1950) Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason (1950): ;Araucanian *North **Picunche **Mapuche ** Pewenche ***Rankel(che) **Moluche *South **Wiliche (Huilliche) ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kechua Languages
Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, with an estimated 8–10 million speakers as of 2004.Adelaar 2004, pp. 167–168, 255. Approximately 25% (7.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechuan language. It is perhaps most widely known for being the main language family of the Inca Empire. The Spanish encouraged its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence of the 1780s. As a result, Quechua variants are still widely spoken today, being the co-official language of many regions and the second most spoken language family in Peru. History Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaqi Languages
Aymaran (also Jaqi or Aru) is one of the two dominant language families in the central Andes alongside Quechuan. The family consists of Aymara, widely spoken in Bolivia, and the endangered Jaqaru and Kawki languages of Peru. Hardman (1978) proposed the name ''Jaqi'' for the family of languages (1978), Alfredo Torero ''Aru'' 'to speak', and Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino ''Aymaran'', with two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymaran and Central Aymaran (Jaqaru and Kawki). Other names for the family are Jaqui (also spelled Haki) and Aimara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara, and the languages have often been grouped together as Quechumaran. This proposal is controversial, however; the shared vocabulary may be better explained as intensive borrowing due to long-term contact. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Kunza, Leko, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, and Pukina languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pano Languages
Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family. Genetic relations The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the Tacanan family, forming with it Pano–Tacanan, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Mapudungun, Moseten-Tsimane, Tukano, Uru-Chipaya, Harakmbet, Arawak, Kandoshi, and Pukina language families due to contact. Languages There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.Fleck, David. 2013. Panoan Languages and Linguistics'. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99. In the list of Panoan languages below adapted from Fleck (2013), (†) means extinct, and (*) obsolescent (no longer spoken daily). Dialects are listed in parentheses. *Mayoruna ** Tabatinga Mayoruna ost divergent†... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pukina Language
Puquina (or Pukina) is a small, putative language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, which consists of the extinct Puquina language and Kallawaya, although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with Quechuan. The ''Qhapaq simi'', which was spoken by the Inca elite, in contrast to the Quechuan-speaking commoners, is thought to be related, as well as the Leco isolate language. They are spoken by several native ethnic groups in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia) and in the north of Chile. Puquina itself is often associated with the culture that built Tiwanaku. Background Remnants of the single, ancestral Puquina language can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the south of Peru, mainly in Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna, as well as in Bolivia. There also seem to be remnants in the Kallawaya language, which may be a mixed language formed from Quechuan languages and Puquina. (Terrence Kaufman (1990) fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kunza Language
Kunza is an extinct language isolate once spoken in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and southern Peru by the Atacama people, who have since shifted to Spanish. The last speaker was documented in 1949. Other names and spellings include Cunza, LikanantaÃ, Lipe, Ulipe, and Atacameño. History The language was spoken in northern Chile and southern Peru, specifically in the Chilean villages of Peine, Socaire (near the Salar de Atacama), and Caspana. The last Kunza speaker was found in 1949, although some have been found since according to anthropologists. There are 2,000 Atacameños (W. Adelaar). Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Atacameño of Bolivia - spoken in a small village on the frontier of Potosà Department, Bolivia, and Antofagasta Province of Chile *Lipe (Olipe) - extinct language once spoken south of the Salar de Uyuni, Potosà Department, Bolivia Classification Kaufman (1990) found a proposed connection between Kunza and the likewise unclassifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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