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Uppenbar Kyrkoplikt
(literally: 'church duty') was a historical form of punishment, practiced in Sweden-Finland. It was a form of public humiliation in which the condemned was made to confess and repent of their crime before being rehabilitated and spared further punishments. It could be sentenced by the church or by a secular court, and performed by the church. The concept of "church duty" thus does not have anything to do with an obligation to go to church. Instead, the name for such an obligation is ''kyrkogångsplikt'', literally 'church attendance obligation'. History The originated from the confession and repentance within the Catholic church during the Middle Ages: after having committed a more serious crime, the criminal was cast out of their parish congregation, and was only rehabilitated after having repented of their sin. In the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, consisted of the corporal punishments meted out within the sphere of public humiliation, such as pillorying, the stocks, co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barnamordsplakatet
The Infanticide Act ( sv, Barnamordsplakatet), often referred to as "Infanticide act of Gustav III" (') after its instigator Gustav III of Sweden, was a historical Swedish law, which was introduced in 1778 and in effect until 1917, with alterations in 1856. The law was introduced in order to prevent infanticides, the killings of newborn children outside of marriage, and granted mothers both the right and the means for an anonymous birth. Its 1856 amendment however restricted this to a mere confidential birth, where the midwife was ordered to keep the mother's name in a sealed envelope to allow the grown-up child to request undisclosure of its biological ancestry. Original act of 1778 The problem of infanticide was since long acknowledged to be affected by the social stigma condemning unmarried mothers: previously, a reform of 1741 abolished the Public humiliation punishment of ''Uppenbar kyrkoplikt'' for unmarried mothers to prevent infanticide,Ohlander, Ann-Sofie, Kärlek, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1864 In Finland
Events January–March * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster (" Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dreamer" is published in March. * January 16 – Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark. * January 21 – New Zealand Wars: The Tauranga campaign begins. * February – John Wisden publishes '' The Cricketer's Almanack for the year 1864'' in England; it will go on to become the major annual cricket reference publication. * February 1 – Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the Eider River into Denmark. * February 15 – Heineken brewery founded in Netherlands. * February 17 – American Civil War: The tiny Confederate hand-propelled submarine ''H. L. Hunley'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1855 In Sweden
Events from the year 1855 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Oscar I Events * 1 January - The Telegraphynet between the most important cities in Sweden are completed. * 1 July - The first Swedish Postage stamp. * 4 May - ''Kyrkoplikt'' as well as all remaining forms of Public humiliation and Corporal punishments are abolished. * - The Great Awakening established in Sweden. * - Inauguration of the Gothenburg Synagogue. * - Lea Ahlborn is appointed royal printmaker, which formally makes her the first female civil servant in Sweden.Österberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare. Lund: Signum 1990. () * - Frederique Hammarstedt takes over the '' Hammarstedtska skolan''. * - ''KFUM Jönköping'' * - Klosterskolan (Uppsala), the first training college for female teachers, is founded. * - ''Svenska lärarinnors pensionsförening'' (The Society for Retired Female Teachers) is founded by initiative of Josefina Deland. * - A reform abolishes the use of Pillor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1741 In Sweden
Events from the year 1741 in Sweden Incumbents * List of Swedish monarchs, Monarch – Frederick I of Sweden, Frederick I Events * 31 March - The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is given its rules. * 15 May - Carl Linnaeus travel to Öland. * 28 July - Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) * 23 August - Battle of Villmanstrand * The punishment of ''Uppenbar kyrkoplikt'' (Public Church Duty), a form of public humiliation were criminals are pilloried by being placed on a stool during sermon and repent their criminal act, are abolished for sexual crimes, such as having sex outside marriage, in order to spare unmarried mothers the social stigma which are viewed as a contributing factor of infanticide. The reason is to spare unmarried mothers the social stigma which results in infanticide, as the ''Uppenbar kyrkoplikt'' in practice exposed them and makes their indiscretion impossible to hide. * The guild membership requirement for innkeepers are dropped. This makes the profession conside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1686 In Sweden
Events from the year 1686 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Charles XI Events * Establishment of the '' 1686 års kyrkolag'' (1686 Church Law), which confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state: all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless the convert to Lutheranism; the Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes is forced by law to learn the children within it to read and write in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden. * A Commission is formed to create a new civil code, which eventually leads to the Civil Code of 1734. * A new law regarding the rights of domestics is issued. * A reform law allows unmarried women to testify and represent themselves in court despite being legally minors, as the law banning them from doing so is not respected by the courts. * A church regulation explicitly confirms the common cus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1571 In Sweden
Events from the year 1571 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – John III Events * 16 march - The Russian Siege of Reval in Swedish Estonia ends. * march - Swedish victory over the Russians in the Battle of Ubagall. * August - The deposed monarch and his family is taken to Åland. * October - The deposed monarch and his family is taken to Gripsholm Castle. * - A tax is introduced in order to pay the Danish ransom of Älvsborg. * - The church order of Laurentius Petri Laurentius Petri Nericius (1499 – 27 October 1573) was a Swedish clergyman and the first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden. He and his brother Olaus Petri are, together with the King Gustav Vasa, regarded as the main Lutheran reformer ... is finally accepted. * - The education system is officially transferred to the Lutheran Church from the former Catholic church. * - The creation of the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, the first complete order of the Protestant Swedish church. The church ordinance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal History Of Sweden
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social History Of Finland
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian ''Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl MarxMorrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'', human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social History Of Sweden
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian ''Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl MarxMorrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'', human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punishments
Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is. The reasoning for punishment may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social conformity (in particular, in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline), to defend norms, to protect against future harms (in particular, those from violent crime), and to maintain the law—and respect for rule of law—under which the social group is governed. and violates the law or rules by which the group is governed. Punishment may be self-inflicted as with self-flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the religious setting, but is most of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacristy
A sacristy, also known as a vestry or preparation room, is a room in Christian churches for the keeping of vestments (such as the alb and chasuble) and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records. The sacristy is usually located inside the church, but in some cases it is an annex or separate building (as in some monasteries). In most older churches, a sacristy is near a side altar, or more usually behind or on a side of the main altar. In newer churches the sacristy is often in another location, such as near the entrances to the church. Some churches have more than one sacristy, each of which will have a specific function. Often additional sacristies are used for maintaining the church and its items, such as candles and other materials. Description The sacristy is also where the priest and attendants vest and prepare before the service. They will return there at the end of the service to remove their vestments and put away any of the vessels used during the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
