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Treaty Of Hamburg (1638)
The Treaty of Hamburg, signed on 5 March 1638 (to "l'echange des ratifications du Traite conclu a Wismar le 20 Mars 1636) was the ratification of the important Treaty of Wismar a full two years after it had been negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Queen Christina of Sweden. As it provided the Swedes with crucial funds to go on the offensive again, it was a major turning point of the Thirty Years' War. In 1634 the Swedes/Protestants had suffered a crushing defeat at Nördlingen and it was clear to the French that they had to be much more active or Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor would win the war. The half-hearted Treaty of Compiègne in April 1635 was a first attempt to support the Swedes but after their most powerful former ally Saxony had changed sides in the Peace of Prague in May and the dissolution of the Protestant Heilbronn League which had provided the greatest share of Swedish finance the Protestant cause looked desperate. Swedish chancel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Wismar
The Treaty of Wismar was signed on 20 March 1636 by France and Sweden at Wismar in Mecklenburg. The accord was negotiated for Sweden by Lord High Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, Count of Södermöre who was regent for Christina, Queen of Sweden. The signatories agreed to unite forces against the Habsburgs, with France attacking on the left bank of the Rhine River and Sweden fighting in Silesia and Bohemia. The Treaty of Wismar was eventually ratified in 1638 by the Treaty of Hamburg. See also *List of treaties This list of treaties contains known agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups. Before 1200 CE 1200–1299 1300–1399 1400–1499 1500–1599 1600–1699 1700–1799 ... References Related reading *Parker, Geoffrey; Adams, Simon (1997) ''The Thirty Years' War'' (Routledge. 2 ed.) *Tryntje Helfferich, translator (2009) ''The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History'' (Hackett Publishing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matthias Gallas
Matthias Gallas, Graf von Campo und Herzog von Lucera (Count of Campo, Duke of Lucera) (Matteo Gallasso; 17 October 1588 in Trento – 25 April 1647 in Vienna) was an Austrian professional soldier during the Thirty Years' War. He distinguished himself in the first half of the war in service of the Catholic League, in the War of the Mantuan Succession, and as one of Albrecht von Wallenstein's Generals. After carrying out the dismissal and elimination of Wallenstein, Gallas became acting supreme commander of the Imperial Army three times between 1634 and 1647 but he never held the function or authority of a Generalissimo. He was a principal architect of the victory of Nördlingen 1634 but his following campaigns were less successful. After leading ineffective offensives against France, he managed to end Swedish attacks on Saxony and to drive them back to the Baltic coast in 1637. Unable to eliminate them or sustain his own forces in the devastated Pomerania, Gallas retreated with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilateral Treaties Of Sweden
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Bilateral may refer to any concept including two sides, in particular: * Bilateria, bilateral animals *Bilateralism, the political and cultural relations between two states *Bilateral, occurring on both sides of an organism ( Anatomical terms of location § Medial and lateral) * Bilateral symmetry, symmetry between two sides of an organism *Bilateral filter, an image processing algorithm * Bilateral amplifier, a type of amplifier * ''Bilateral'' (album), an album by the band ''Leprous'' *Bilateral school, see Partially selective school (England) In England, a partially selective school is one of a few dozen state-funded secondary schools that select a proportion of their intake by ability or aptitude, permitted as a continuation of arrangements that existed prior to 1997. Though treated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France–Sweden Relations
France–Sweden relations are the bilateralism, current and historical relations between France and Sweden. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, European Union and the OECD. In August 2022, France have fully ratified Sweden's NATO membership application. France strongly supports Sweden's NATO membership. History Early history One of the first contacts between France and Sweden was in 799 during the first Viking raids of the Frankish northern coast. In March 845 Viking Danish-Swedish King Ragnar Lodbrok, Ragnar brought 120 ships up the Seine river for the Siege of Paris (845), Siege of Paris. The Vikings left Paris after a month of battle when Frankish King Charles the Bald paid them 7,000 lbs of silver and gold. In 911 after multiple Viking invasions, Frankish King Charles the Simple conceded the town of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte to the Vikings. In 1499, France and Sweden signed a Trade Treaty for which Sweden sent France hides, skins, furs, butter, fish oil, herrings, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1638 In France
Events from the year 1638 in France. Incumbents *Monarch: Louis XIII Events * March 3 – Battle of Rheinfelden: A mercenary army under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, fighting for France, defeats Imperial forces. * March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg (1638), Treaty of Hamburg is signed between France and Sweden by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Christina, Queen of Sweden, Queen Christina of Sweden. * December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes premier adviser to Cardinal Richelieu on the death of François Leclerc du Tremblay (''Père Joseph''). Births * January 1 – Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, poet (d. 1694 in France, 1694) * May 11 – Guy-Crescent Fagon, physician and botanist (d. 1718 in France, 1718) * June 8 – Pierre Magnol, botanist (d. 1715 in France, 1715) * July 11 – Olympia Mancini, courtier (d. 1708 in France, 1708) * August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, philosopher (d. 1715) * September ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1638 In Sweden
Events from the year 1638 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Christina Events * March 5 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden. * March 29 – Settlers from Sweden arrive on the ships ''Kalmar Nyckel'' and ''Fogel Grip'' to establish the settlement of New Sweden in Delaware, beginning the Swedish colonization of the Americas. * Posti Group is founded. * * * * * Births * * * * * * 21 January – Beata Rosenhane, feminist poet (died 1674) * Lucidor, poet (died 1674) * Margareta Brahe, courtier (born 1559) Deaths * 13 December – Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg, princess (born 1584 __NOTOC__ Events January–June * January–March – Archangelsk is founded as ''New Kholmogory'' in northern Russia, by Ivan the Terrible. * January 11 – Sir Walter Mildmay is given a royal licence to found Emmanu ...) * * * References Years of the 17th century in S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Hamburg
Hamburg was founded in the 9th century as a mission settlement to convert the Saxons. Since the Middle Ages, it has been an important trading center in Europe. The convenient location of the port and its independence as a city and state for centuries strengthened this position. The city was a member of the medieval Hanseatic trading league and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1815 until 1866 Hamburg was an independent and sovereign state of the German Confederation, then the North German Confederation (1866–71), the German Empire (1871–1918) and during the period of the Weimar Republic (1918–33). In Nazi Germany Hamburg was a city-state and a '' Gau'' from 1934 until 1945. After the Second World War Hamburg was in the British Zone of Occupation and became a state in the western part of Germany in the Federal Republic of Germany (Since 1949). Etymology According to Ptolemy, the settlement's first name was Treva. A fortress there was name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The Kingdom Of France
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The Swedish Empire
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1638 Treaties
Events January–March * January 4 – **A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean off of the coast of Goa at South India as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet. **A fleet of 80 Spanish ships led by Governor-General Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera attacks the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines by beginning an invasion of Jolo island, but Sultan Muwallil Wasit I puts up a stiff resistance. * January 8 – The siege of Shimabara Castle ends after 27 days in Japan's Tokugawa shogunate (now part of Nagasaki prefecture) as the rebel peasants flee reinforcements sent by the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu. * January 22 – The Shimabara and Amakusa rebels, having joined up after fleeing the shogun's troops, begin the defense of the Hara Castle in what is now Minamishimabara in the Nagasaki prefecture. The siege lasts more than 11 weeks before the peasants are killed. * February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Bärwalde
The Treaty of Bärwalde (french: Traité de Barwalde; sv, Fördraget i Bärwalde; german: Vertrag von Bärwalde), signed on 23 January 1631, was an agreement by France to provide Sweden financial support, following its intervention in the Thirty Years' War. This was in line with Cardinal Richelieu's policy of avoiding direct French involvement, but weakening Habsburg Austria by backing its opponents. Under its terms, Gustavus Adolphus agreed to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, in return for an annual payment of 400,000 Reichsthalers, for a period of five years. France continued their support after Gustavus was killed at Lützen in November 1632. When the Swedes were defeated at Nördlingen in September 1634, most of their German allies made peace in the Treaty of Prague. Richelieu decided to intervene directly; in 1635, the Franco-Swedish Treaty of Compiègne replaced that agreed at Bärwalde. Background The Thirty Years War began in 1618 when the Protestant Frederick, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Cambridge Modern History
''The Cambridge Modern History'' is a comprehensive modern history of the world, beginning with the 15th century Age of Discovery, published by the Cambridge University Press in England and also in the United States. The first series, planned by Lord Acton and edited by him with Stanley Mordaunt Leathes, Sir Adolphus William Ward and G. W. Prothero, was launched in 1902 and totalled fourteen volumes, the last of them being an historical atlas which appeared in 1912. The period covered was from 1450 to 1910. Each volume includes an extensive bibliography. A second series, with entirely new editors and contributors, '' The New Cambridge Modern History'', appeared in fourteen volumes between 1957 and 1979, again concluding with an atlas. It covered the world from 1450 to 1945. Planning and publishing The original ''Cambridge Modern History'' was planned by Lord Acton, who during 1899 and 1900 gave much of his time to coordinating the project, intended to be a monument of obj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
